34 Questions
What is the main function of the urinary system?
Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids
What is the role of the urinary bladder in the urinary system?
Storing and intermittently evacuating urine
Which hormone is NOT produced by the urinary system?
Insulin
What is the anatomical difference in the kidneys of different domestic animals?
They vary in shape and size, such as smooth and bean-shaped, elongated and flattened, smooth and heart-shaped, and lobed and oval
What is responsible for producing the ultrafiltrate in the kidney?
Proximal tubule
Where are the filtration slits covered by a porous membrane called the filtration slit diaphragm located?
Glomerulus
What connects the podocytes to the basal lamina?
Filtration slit diaphragm
Which part of the basal lamina includes type IV collagen fibers, glycoproteins, and heparan sulfate?
Lamina densa
Which segment of the nephron collects ultrafiltrate?
Proximal tubule
Where are the epithelial cells with microvilli, tight junctions, and numerous mitochondria located?
Proximal tubule
Where do the epithelial cells have nuclei that protrude towards the lumen and form Henle's loop?
Thin tubule
Which part of the nephron is made up of a straight tubule (ascending) and a convoluted tubule?
Distal tubule
Where are the epithelial cells with a developed endocytic apparatus and a perinuclear Golgi complex located?
Proximal tubule
Where is the filtration barrier responsible for producing the ultrafiltrate?
Basal lamina
Where are macula densa cells located?
Distal tubules
Which cells transform into epithelioid cells in the afferent arteriole wall?
Juxtaglomerular cells
What do macula densa cells detect?
Sodium ion concentration
Which part of the kidney contains the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Renal corpuscle
What is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells?
Supportive function
Which part of the kidney supplies water and electrolytes to the urine?
Collecting duct system
Where does renal circulation originate from?
Abdominal aorta
In which part of the kidney are glomeruli and convoluted tubules visible?
Renal cortex
Which part of the kidney is responsible for detecting sodium ion concentration?
Macula densa cells
What is the structure located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Where is the renal corpuscle located?
In the renal cortex
What is the main component of the renal parenchyma?
Uriniferous tubules
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the composition of Bowman's capsule?
Double-layered capsule with an outer layer of simple squamous epithelium and an inner layer of modified epithelial cells called podocytes
What is the site of ultrafiltration in the kidney?
Renal corpuscle
Which part of the kidney contains fenestrated capillaries and mesangial cells?
Renal glomerulus
What is the approximate number of nephrons in a dog's kidney?
400,000
Which part of the kidney is made up mainly of uriniferous tubules?
Renal parenchyma
What is the function of podocytes in Bowman's capsule?
Synthesizing collagen fibers and mesangial matrix
What is the composition of the thin capsule surrounding the kidney?
Connective tissue with smooth muscle fibers and collagen
Study Notes
- Kidney has a thin capsule of connective tissue, which includes smooth muscle fibers and collagen, surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue.
- Macroscopically, kidney consists of a cortex (brown zone) and medulla (pale zone).
- Depending on the species, kidneys can be multi-lobed or unilobed, with smooth or lobed surfaces.
- The renal parenchyma is made up mainly of uriniferous tubules, which include a nephron and a collecting duct system.
- A kidney has between 200,000 (cat) and 400,000 nephrons (dog).
- Nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is composed of a renal corpuscle, proximal tubules, thin tubule, distal tubules and Henle's loop.
- The renal corpuscle is located in the renal cortex and is the site of ultrafiltration, composed of a renal glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
- The renal glomerulus contains fenestrated capillaries and mesangial cells, the supporting cellular element of the glomerulus.
- Bowman's capsule is a double-layered capsule, with an outer layer of simple squamous epithelium and an inner layer of modified epithelial cells called podocytes.
- Podocytes are arranged on the basal lamina of the fenestrated capillaries, separated by a space, and have the capacity for synthesizing collagen fibers and mesangial matrix, among other functions.
Explore the structure of podocytes, including their primary and secondary extensions, pedicels, and intercellular spaces. Learn how these features contribute to the function of podocytes in the renal filtration process.
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