Kidney Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

<p>125 to 175 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense, irregular connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote the recovery of water and decrease urine volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of ADH release from the posterior pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting aldosterone release and promoting sodium excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myogenic mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They relax to increase filtration when blood osmolarity is low. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To actively transport essential solutes like sodium and glucose. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form a sieve-like barrier that selectively filters based on size. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects two capillary beds through an arteriole. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling blood pressure and producing red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates blood pressure by increasing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the insertion of aquaporin channels into the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ascending loop is impermeable to water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalyze the reaction forming bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates an electrochemical gradient for chloride reabsorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the hydroxylation of calcidiol to calcitriol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can vary from isotonic to hypertonic and then to hypotonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They control sympathetic nervous system responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It concentrates solutes deeper in the renal medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of vasodilation in the nephron. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps on the basal membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium reabsorption leads to more potassium secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea is more soluble and less toxic than ammonia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced production of erythropoietin (EPO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water retention and excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney damage lasting three months or more (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine protein to creatinine ratio exceeding 30mg/g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotic syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African American (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes calcium absorption in the digestive tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating cognitive function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes widespread edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer region of the kidney, containing renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules.

The inner region of the kidney, containing the renal pyramids and renal papillae. It plays a role in urine concentration.

Bundle of collecting ducts in the medulla that transport urine from nephrons to the kidney's calyces for excretion.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.

Specialized capillaries located within the renal corpuscle of the nephron. They filter blood under high pressure.

The structure within the nephron where blood filtration occurs, consisting of a network of capillaries called the glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule.

A specialized region within the nephron responsible for the production of renin, a hormone crucial in blood pressure regulation. It consists of cells from the distal convoluted tubule (macula densa) and cells in the afferent arteriole (juxtaglomerular cells).

The primary active transporter in the nephron, responsible for reabsorbing essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and water back into the bloodstream. The cells lining it have a brush border to increase surface area for absorption.

A hormone produced by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to low blood pressure. Angiotensinogen is cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, raising blood pressure.

The specialized cells located in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron. They directly sense sodium concentrations in the tubular fluid, releasing signaling molecules that influence blood flow and pressure.

Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys, further boosting blood pressure.

The loop of Henle, consisting of descending and ascending limbs, is a crucial part of the nephron, responsible for concentrating urine. The descending limb is permeable to water but not solutes, while the ascending limb is permeable to solutes but not water. This difference allows for the establishment of a concentration gradient within the kidney.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from blood plasma into Bowman's capsule per minute. It reflects the overall efficiency of kidney function.

Reabsorption is the process by which essential substances, like water, glucose, and amino acids, are taken back into the blood from the filtrate in the nephron. This occurs through various mechanisms, including active transport, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion.

Secretion is the process where waste products like toxins, drugs, and excess ions are moved from the blood into the filtrate in the nephron. This process helps remove unwanted substances from the body.

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A potent vasoconstrictor that plays a key role in raising blood pressure. It stimulates aldosterone release and promotes sodium reabsorption.

A 28-amino acid peptide produced by the heart atria that promotes sodium and water excretion, lowering blood pressure.

They are a family of vasoconstrictors produced by endothelial cells of the renal blood vessels. They can be elevated in diabetic kidney disease.

The descending loop of Henle is freely permeable to water, but not to solutes. The increase in osmolarity of the surrounding interstitial fluid causes water to move out of the descending loop via aquaporin channels, concentrating the urine inside the descending loop.

The ascending loop of Henle actively transports solutes, mainly sodium, out of the tubule, but it is impermeable to water. This creates a hypotonic filtrate and contributes to the hyperosmotic environment in the kidney medulla.

The countercurrent multiplier system describes the interaction between the descending and ascending loops of Henle, where solutes are actively pumped out of the ascending limb, creating a concentration gradient that drives water reabsorption in the descending limb.

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) recovers calcium from the filtrate and is also the site of aldosterone action. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, increasing sodium reabsorption and contributing to water reabsorption by creating an osmotic gradient.

The collecting duct plays a vital role in regulating urine volume and osmolarity. It can reabsorb more or less water depending on the body's hydration status, helping to maintain normal osmolarity.

Large molecules that cannot be filtered by the kidneys and are not readily eliminated from the body.

The process by which the kidneys regulate the amount of water and electrolytes in the blood.

A condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine.

A type of kidney disease caused by genetic mutations that lead to the formation of cysts in the kidneys.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood.

A condition where the kidneys are not functioning properly, leading to a build-up of waste products in the blood.

The stages of chronic kidney disease are determined by GFR and other factors.

Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of chronic kidney disease in the United States.

The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating vitamin D.

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts on the kidney to promote the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol (active vitamin D), which increases calcium absorption in the gut. It also blocks phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate loss in urine and ultimately, higher blood calcium levels.

Baroreceptors are pressure-sensitive receptors located in the aorta and carotid sinuses. They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain, which then adjusts blood vessel diameter and heart rate to regulate blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, baroreceptors signal the brain to dilate blood vessels and decrease heart rate, lowering blood pressure. When blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors signal the brain to constrict blood vessels and increase heart rate, raising blood pressure.

A compound that increases urine volume. Diuretics are often prescribed to reduce blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. Common examples include hydrochlorothiazide, which inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, and caffeine, which promotes vasodilation and increases glomerular filtration rate.

Sodium plays a major role in regulating blood volume and pressure. Excess sodium can lead to increased water retention, hypertension (high blood pressure), and edema (swelling). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are key mechanisms that regulate sodium levels in the body.

Chloride is a major anion in the extracellular fluid and is important for acid-base balance. It is closely associated with sodium and its regulation mirrors that of sodium. In the stomach, chloride combines with hydrogen ions to form hydrochloric acid, which aids in digestion.