125 Questions
What is the prevalence of stroke in Australia?
1.3%
Who does stroke more commonly affect?
Older age groups
Which population is disproportionately impacted by stroke?
Indigenous populations
What is the main focus of exercise considerations for stroke populations?
Spasticity and weakness
What is the prevalence of stroke in Australia?
1.3% of Australians have had a stroke
In stroke populations, who is more commonly affected?
Males
What is the primary focus of exercise considerations for stroke populations?
Addressing spasticity and weakness
What is the main purpose of functional scales used in stroke?
Assessing competence when working in multidisciplinary teams
What is the recommended frequency for strength training in post-MI patients?
2-3 days per week
What is the recommended intensity range for strength training in post-MI patients?
30-80% 1-RM
How many repetitions are recommended for a minimum set of strength training in post-MI patients?
10-15 repetitions
What type of exercise is recommended to focus on for strength training in post-MI patients?
Large muscle groups
What is a common medication for decreasing resting/exercising blood pressure in post-stroke patients?
Diuretics
Which clinical scale is used for assessing activities of daily living (ADLs) in stroke patients?
Barthel Index
What is a characteristic of spasticity in stroke populations?
Velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes
Which rehab approach involves repetition of a functional task or part of the task?
Task-specific training
What is the recommended frequency for strength training in post-MI patients?
2-3 days per week
What is the recommended intensity for strength training in post-MI patients?
30-80% 1-RM
What is the minimum recommended number of repetitions for a set in strength training for post-MI patients?
10-15 repetitions
What type of exercise is recommended to focus on in strength training for post-MI patients?
Large muscle groups
What are common medications used post-stroke to lower resting or exercising blood pressure?
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors
Which clinical scale is used for the assessment of activities of daily living (ADLs) in stroke patients?
Barthel Index
What is the main characteristic of spasticity in stroke populations?
Velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes
Which rehabilitation approach involves repetition of a functional task or part of the task in stroke populations?
Task-specific training
What are the two main types of stroke?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
What percentage of strokes are accounted for by ischemic strokes?
85%
What are common disabilities resulting from stroke?
Communication and mobility limitations
What is the primary focus of stroke primary prevention?
Targeting hypertension, CVD, smoking, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia
What are the non-modifiable stroke risk factors?
Age, gender, blood pathologies, and circadian factors
What are post-stroke complications?
Depression, CAD, hypertension, T2DM, obesity, and falls
What do hemorrhagic strokes involve?
Bleeding into the brain tissue or cranium
What factors affect participation post-stroke?
Physical severity, comorbidities, mental state, and social support
What does aerobic exercise testing post-stroke involve?
Pre-screening, gradual intensity increase, and termination criteria
What is the classification consideration for stroke?
Cause, severity, duration, and symptoms
What are the clinical presentations of stroke?
Impairments in motor, sensory, language, perception, and affective/mood
What percentage of increased risk for stroke is seen in indigenous populations?
7x
What are the two main types of stroke?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
Which type of stroke accounts for 85% of all strokes?
Ischemic
What are common disabilities resulting from stroke?
Communication and mobility limitations
What is the primary focus of primary prevention for stroke?
Targeting hypertension, CVD, smoking, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia
What do non-modifiable stroke risk factors include?
Age, gender, blood pathologies, and circadian factors
What are post-stroke complications?
Depression, CAD, hypertension, T2DM, obesity, and falls
What do hemorrhagic strokes involve?
Bleeding into the brain tissue or cranium
What factors affect participation post-stroke?
Physical severity, comorbidities, mental state, and social support
How are ischemic strokes further subcategorized?
Thrombotic and embolic
What does stroke classification consider?
Cause, severity, duration, and symptoms
What clinical presentations are associated with stroke?
Impairments in motor, sensory, language, perception, and affective/mood
What does aerobic exercise testing post-stroke involve?
Pre-screening, gradual intensity increase, and termination criteria
What is the primary focus of dementia prevention according to the text?
Modifying risk factors such as physical inactivity and smoking
What is the economic cost of dementia in Australia from 2016-2056 according to the text?
Significantly impacting the healthcare system
According to the text, what is the recommended approach for dementia prevention and care?
Prevention through lifestyle modifications and early intervention
What is the recommended duration for exercise intervention to prevent falls in residential aged care?
6-12 months
What is the primary mode of exercise recommended for preventing falls in the community-dwelling population?
Supervised, strength, balance (static and dynamic) and functional training
What is the recommended intensity for challenging balance during exercise to prevent falls?
Moderate to high
What is the recommended frequency for aerobic exercise intervention to improve cognitive performance?
3 times per week
What is the recommended session duration for resistance training to improve cognitive performance?
30-45 minutes
What is the primary cognitive domain that exercise has the best effect on, according to the evidence?
Global cognition and executive function/attention
What is the recommended dose of aerobic exercise for improving cognitive performance?
150 mins/week
What is the recommended intervention duration for aerobic exercise to improve cognitive performance?
More than 16 weeks
Which type of dementia often occurs in younger individuals?
Frontotemporal dementia
What are the recommended guidelines for reducing the risk of cognitive decline/dementia according to WHO (2019)?
Physical activity, cognitive training, managing conditions like hypertension
Which type of dementia is associated with fluctuating cognition and reduced attention?
Dementia with Lewy bodies
What is a non-modifiable risk factor for dementia?
Age
What type of impairment is common in cognitively impaired individuals?
Physical impairment
What is a type of dementia characterized by early memory and learning impairment?
Alzheimer's disease
What is the main focus of dementia primary prevention?
Physical activity
Which condition is essential to manage in individuals with dementia to ameliorate its negative impact on health?
Cardiovascular disease
What is a type of dementia with an insidious onset and gradual progression?
Alzheimer's disease
What are the types of impairment measures that show significant differences between cognitively intact and impaired individuals?
Hand reaction time, knee extension strength
What type of dementia presents with reduced attention and fluctuating cognition?
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Which type of dementia is associated with an insidious onset and gradual progression?
Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is a common comorbidity associated with dementia?
Hypertension
What is the economic cost of dementia in Australia from 2016-2056 according to the text?
Estimated to increase over time
What is the primary focus of primary prevention for dementia?
Lifestyle modifications and risk reduction
What is the recommended frequency for aerobic exercise intervention to improve cognitive performance?
3-5 times per week
What type of dementia often occurs in younger individuals?
Frontotemporal dementia
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for dementia according to the text?
Age and genetics
What is a common modifiable risk factor for dementia according to the text?
Physical inactivity
What is the recommended dose of exercise for preventing falls in residential aged care?
1-2 hours per week
What type of exercise has been used in multicomponent/multifactorial interventions in residential aged care for fall prevention?
Strength and balance training
What is the primary mode of exercise recommended for preventing falls in the community-dwelling population?
Supervised, strength, balance, and functional training
What is the recommended intensity for challenging balance during exercise to prevent falls?
Moderate to high intensity
What percentage of people with dementia experience falls each year?
60%
What is the primary cognitive domain that exercise has the best effect on, according to the evidence?
Global cognition and executive function/attention
Which of the following is not a pharmacological management option for dementia symptoms?
Antipsychotics
What is the minimum recommended duration for aerobic exercise intervention to improve cognitive performance?
30-45 minutes per session
What is a non-pharmacological treatment for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)?
Exercise programming
What is the recommended frequency for resistance training to improve cognitive performance?
2x/week
What are some communication changes in dementia mentioned in the text?
Difficulty finding words
What is the recommended total dose of exercise for improving cognitive performance?
24 hours total
What is essential in the management of dementia according to the text?
Carer engagement
What is the recommended intervention duration for aerobic exercise to improve cognitive performance?
> 16 weeks
What does person-centered care for dementia involve?
Shared goals based on the person's values and experiences
What has exercise been shown to improve in people with dementia?
Activities of daily living, balance, gait performance, mobility, endurance, and strength
What percentage of people with dementia experience falls each year?
70%
Which of the following is a potential side effect of pharmacological management of dementia symptoms?
Gastrointestinal disturbances
What is a non-pharmacological treatment for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)?
Exercise programming
What are some communication changes that may occur in dementia?
Difficulty finding words
What is essential for effective communication with people with dementia?
Respecting and listening
What is essential in the management of dementia, with a focus on understanding the person's needs?
Carer engagement
What should exercise selection for dementia be tailored to?
All of the above
What limits the evidence for exercise benefits in dementia?
Exclusion from research
What has exercise been shown to improve in people with dementia?
Activities of daily living, balance, and gait performance
What is a practical consideration for exercise in dementia?
Supervision and tailoring
What does person-centered care for dementia involve?
Shared goals based on the person's values and experiences
What is a potential non-pharmacological treatment for BPSD?
Communication strategies
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for dementia?
Parkinson's disease
What type of dementia is associated with an insidious onset and gradual progression?
Alzheimer's disease
Which type of dementia presents with fluctuating cognition and reduced attention?
Dementia with Lewy bodies
What is a recommended measure for assessing physical impairment in cognitively impaired individuals?
Hand reaction time
Which comorbidity is associated with older age and individuals with dementia?
Arthritis
What is recommended to reduce the risk of cognitive decline/dementia according to WHO guidelines?
Physical activity
Which type of dementia is characterized by early memory and learning impairment?
Alzheimer's disease
What percentage of people with dementia experience depression?
20%
What is the most common non-pharmacological treatment for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)?
Exercise programming
Which of the following is a potential side effect of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine used in dementia management?
Nausea
What is an example of a communication change in dementia?
Difficulty finding words
What is essential for effective communication with people with dementia?
Respecting and listening
What is an essential aspect of person-centered care for dementia?
Shared goals based on the person's values and experiences
What is a practical consideration for exercise in dementia?
Supervision
What limits the evidence for exercise benefits in dementia?
Exclusion from research
What has exercise been shown to improve in people with dementia?
Balance
What percentage of people with dementia experience anxiety?
16-35%
What is a potential risk for people with dementia?
High risk of falls
What is a key aspect of carer engagement in dementia management?
Understanding the person's needs
Study Notes
Stroke: Types, Complications, Risk Factors, and Exercise Considerations
- Stroke events have plateaued after decreasing, with 7x greater risk for indigenous populations
- Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are the two main types, both leading to CNS damage
- Common disabilities resulting from stroke include communication and mobility limitations
- Ischemic strokes account for 85% and are further subcategorized into thrombotic and embolic
- Hemorrhagic strokes, less common at 15%, involve bleeding into the brain tissue or cranium
- Post-stroke complications include depression, CAD, hypertension, T2DM, obesity, and falls
- Non-modifiable stroke risk factors include age, gender, blood pathologies, and circadian factors
- Primary prevention focuses on targeting hypertension, CVD, smoking, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia
- Stroke classification considers cause, severity, duration, and symptoms
- Clinical presentations of stroke include impairments in motor, sensory, language, perception, and affective/mood
- Factors affecting participation post-stroke include physical severity, comorbidities, mental state, and social support
- Aerobic exercise testing post-stroke involves pre-screening, gradual intensity increase, and termination criteria
Dementia and Behavioral Symptoms
- Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) include depression (20%), anxiety (16-35%), apathy (55-90%), agitation/aggression (60%), and psychosis (25%).
- People with dementia have a high risk of falls, with 70% of them experiencing falls each year.
- Pharmacological management of dementia symptoms includes cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine) and memantine, with potential side effects.
- Non-pharmacological treatments for BPSD include exercise programming and communication strategies.
- Communication changes in dementia may include difficulty finding words, loss of social conventions, and difficulty expressing emotions.
- Effective communication with people with dementia involves respecting, listening, using body language, speaking clearly, and allowing processing time.
- Carer engagement is essential in the management of dementia, with a focus on understanding the person's needs and providing education and support for the carer.
- Practical considerations for exercise in dementia include supervision, tailoring, and focusing on strengths.
- Person-centered care for dementia involves shared goals based on the person's values and experiences, respect, and understanding of unmet needs.
- Exercise selection for dementia should be evidence-based and tailored to physical, functional, cognitive, and mood needs, taking into account the setting and social and socioeconomic situation.
- The evidence for exercise benefits in dementia is limited by factors such as exclusion from research, small sample sizes, and low methodological quality.
- Exercise has been shown to improve activities of daily living, balance, gait performance, mobility, endurance, and strength in people with dementia.
Test your knowledge about stroke types, complications, risk factors, and exercise considerations with this informative quiz. Explore the different types of strokes, common disabilities, post-stroke complications, and exercise considerations for individuals who have experienced a stroke. Gain a better understanding of stroke prevention, clinical presentations, and factors affecting participation post-stroke.
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