Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What differentiates prejudice from stereotypes?
What best describes discrimination?
Which statement accurately describes stigma?
How do explicit prejudice and implicit prejudice differ?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of in-group/out-group dynamics?
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What is stereotype threat?
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Under which condition does contact hypothesis work best?
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Which is NOT a condition for the contact hypothesis to be effective?
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What does the common ingroup identity model suggest?
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What is required for effective self-control of prejudice according to the self-regulation of prejudice responses model?
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Why is representation important in addressing prejudices?
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What is a limitation of implicit bias training?
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What do the systemic factors of structural support promote in intergroup interactions?
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What is the glass ceiling in the context of women's advancement in organizations?
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What does the glass cliff refer to in organizational dynamics?
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Which theory describes the breeding of hostility directly from competition for resources?
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What is the basis of the Minimal Groups Paradigm in social psychology?
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How is the concept of race described in the context of social dynamics?
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In which situation is group status considered a resource?
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What triggers own-group favoritism as discussed in the content?
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What is the primary focus of Relative Deprivation Theory?
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What does the theory of planned behavior emphasize as predictors of behavioral intentions?
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What is the mere exposure effect?
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In which scenario are attitudes most likely to predict behavior?
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Which route of persuasion is characterized by the use of facts and logical reasoning?
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How do individualistic and collectivist cultural attitudes affect behavior?
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What typically happens when weak arguments are presented in the central route of persuasion?
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What is perceived behavioral control?
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What is a significant effect of the dual processing model in persuasion?
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What does the norm of reciprocity imply about people's responses to requests?
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Which technique involves making a large request first, followed by a smaller request?
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What does 'foot in the door' technique rely on for effectiveness?
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Which influence technique relies on individuals wanting to maintain a consistent self-image?
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In the concept of 'That's-not-all', what is typically provided to the individual?
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What is the main psychological mechanism behind the 'lowballing' technique?
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What principle does social proof utilize to influence behavior?
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What does the 'bait and switch' tactic typically involve?
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Study Notes
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
- Stereotypes: Beliefs about a group (cognitive component). Can be positive, negative, or neutral.
- Prejudice: Negative attitudes toward a group (affective component). Involves valence—the group is deemed bad.
- Discrimination: Negative behavior towards a group (behavioral component). Involves differential treatment. Usually explicit.
- Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination can occur independently.
- Stigma: A devalued identity. Happens when any aspect of an individual's identity is devalued.
Racism and Sexism
- Individual Racism/Sexism: Prejudiced attitudes and behaviors toward individuals based on their race/sex.
- Systemic Racism/Sexism: Institutional or cultural practices that reinforce one group's dominance over another.
In-Group/Out-Group Dynamics
- Social categories can create in-group/out-group dynamics.
- These dynamics can change based on social context.
Types of Prejudice
- Explicit Prejudice: Consciously held and expressed negative attitudes.
- Implicit Prejudice: Automatic, unconscious, and difficult-to-control associations between groups. Everyone has it.
The Biological Basis of Prejudice
- Our ancestors lived in hunter-gatherer societies and had limited contact with other groups.
- Outsiders were considered dangerous due to potential disease, resource theft, and conflict.
- Appearance-based signals of "outsiderness" were used to identify danger and trigger in-group favoritism.
- This evolutionary adaptive behavior persists in modern times, but the signifiers of otherness have changed.
- The concept of race is a social construct, not a biological one.
Theories of Prejudice
- Robbers Cave Experiment: Demonstrated how group identity formation can lead to intergroup conflict and how superordinate goals can foster cooperation.
- Realistic Conflict Theory: Competition for resources between groups breeds hostility.
- Relative Deprivation Theory: Perceived resource disparities, regardless of actual resources, can lead to conflict. We compare ourselves to others and feel deprived if we perceive ourselves as having less.
- Social Identity Theory: Desire for a positive social identity leads us to favor our own groups and devalue outgroups.
Minimal Group Paradigm
- Randomly assigned groups, even with meaningless distinctions, lead to in-group favoritism and outgroup derogation.
- Demonstrates that group conflict doesn't require real differences or existing stereotypes.
Stereotype Threat
- Fear of acting in a manner consistent with negative stereotypes.
- Can negatively impact performance, even if the person doesn't believe the stereotype.
Reducing Prejudice
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Contact Hypothesis: Simple, regular contact between groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.
- Effective when groups have equal status, common goals, cooperative activities, and structural support.
- Common Ingroup Identity Model: Recategorizing different groups as members of a more inclusive, superordinate group can improve relations.
Self-Regulation of Prejudice
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Self-Regulation of Prejudice Responses Model: People can learn to control prejudice through conscious effort.
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by a desire to appear non-prejudiced.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by genuine moral principles.
Persuasion via Communication
- Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something increases liking, as long as it's positive or neutral.
- Persuasion: Process of attitude change.
Dual Processing Model of Persuasion
- Central Route: Uses facts, logic, and requires higher thought to interpret messages.
- Peripheral Route: Utilizes surface-level cues and heuristics, requiring less mental effort.
Six Weapons of Influence (Robert Cialdini)
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Reciprocity: Influenced by the norm of reciprocity—returning favors.
- Door-in-the-face technique: Starting with a large, unreasonable request followed by the real request.
- That's-not-all: Sweetening the offer with additional benefits.
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Commitment and Consistency: Desire to appear consistent in behavior and beliefs.
- Foot-in-the-door: Small initial request followed by a larger request.
- Lowballing: Changing the offer to a higher cost after commitment.
- Bait-and-switch: Replacing the initial offer with a less desirable option.
- Labeling: Assigning a label to someone to encourage consistent behavior.
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Social Proof: Influenced by what others are doing.
- Uses normative social influence - conformity to get compliance.
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Description
Explore the concepts of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination in this quiz. Understand the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and how these elements relate to racism and sexism. Analyze in-group and out-group dynamics and the types of prejudice that can manifest in society.