Podcast
Questions and Answers
What differentiates prejudice from stereotypes?
What differentiates prejudice from stereotypes?
- Stereotypes are always negative, whereas prejudice can be neutral.
- Prejudice is a cognitive component, while stereotypes are behavioral.
- Prejudice involves negative attitudes, while stereotypes involve negative associations. (correct)
- Prejudice is only about explicit behaviors, while stereotypes are explicitly conscious.
What best describes discrimination?
What best describes discrimination?
- Negative emotional responses towards a group.
- Unconscious biases that influence behavior subtly.
- Positive or negative associations with specific social categories.
- Negative behaviors directed at a specific group. (correct)
Which statement accurately describes stigma?
Which statement accurately describes stigma?
- It involves the automatic preference for one's own group.
- It is primarily systemic and not related to individual identities.
- It is a conscious and deliberate attitude towards others.
- It occurs when an individual has a devalued identity in a specific context. (correct)
How do explicit prejudice and implicit prejudice differ?
How do explicit prejudice and implicit prejudice differ?
Which of the following is a characteristic of in-group/out-group dynamics?
Which of the following is a characteristic of in-group/out-group dynamics?
What is stereotype threat?
What is stereotype threat?
Under which condition does contact hypothesis work best?
Under which condition does contact hypothesis work best?
Which is NOT a condition for the contact hypothesis to be effective?
Which is NOT a condition for the contact hypothesis to be effective?
What does the common ingroup identity model suggest?
What does the common ingroup identity model suggest?
What is required for effective self-control of prejudice according to the self-regulation of prejudice responses model?
What is required for effective self-control of prejudice according to the self-regulation of prejudice responses model?
Why is representation important in addressing prejudices?
Why is representation important in addressing prejudices?
What is a limitation of implicit bias training?
What is a limitation of implicit bias training?
What do the systemic factors of structural support promote in intergroup interactions?
What do the systemic factors of structural support promote in intergroup interactions?
What is the glass ceiling in the context of women's advancement in organizations?
What is the glass ceiling in the context of women's advancement in organizations?
What does the glass cliff refer to in organizational dynamics?
What does the glass cliff refer to in organizational dynamics?
Which theory describes the breeding of hostility directly from competition for resources?
Which theory describes the breeding of hostility directly from competition for resources?
What is the basis of the Minimal Groups Paradigm in social psychology?
What is the basis of the Minimal Groups Paradigm in social psychology?
How is the concept of race described in the context of social dynamics?
How is the concept of race described in the context of social dynamics?
In which situation is group status considered a resource?
In which situation is group status considered a resource?
What triggers own-group favoritism as discussed in the content?
What triggers own-group favoritism as discussed in the content?
What is the primary focus of Relative Deprivation Theory?
What is the primary focus of Relative Deprivation Theory?
What does the theory of planned behavior emphasize as predictors of behavioral intentions?
What does the theory of planned behavior emphasize as predictors of behavioral intentions?
What is the mere exposure effect?
What is the mere exposure effect?
In which scenario are attitudes most likely to predict behavior?
In which scenario are attitudes most likely to predict behavior?
Which route of persuasion is characterized by the use of facts and logical reasoning?
Which route of persuasion is characterized by the use of facts and logical reasoning?
How do individualistic and collectivist cultural attitudes affect behavior?
How do individualistic and collectivist cultural attitudes affect behavior?
What typically happens when weak arguments are presented in the central route of persuasion?
What typically happens when weak arguments are presented in the central route of persuasion?
What is perceived behavioral control?
What is perceived behavioral control?
What is a significant effect of the dual processing model in persuasion?
What is a significant effect of the dual processing model in persuasion?
What does the norm of reciprocity imply about people's responses to requests?
What does the norm of reciprocity imply about people's responses to requests?
Which technique involves making a large request first, followed by a smaller request?
Which technique involves making a large request first, followed by a smaller request?
What does 'foot in the door' technique rely on for effectiveness?
What does 'foot in the door' technique rely on for effectiveness?
Which influence technique relies on individuals wanting to maintain a consistent self-image?
Which influence technique relies on individuals wanting to maintain a consistent self-image?
In the concept of 'That's-not-all', what is typically provided to the individual?
In the concept of 'That's-not-all', what is typically provided to the individual?
What is the main psychological mechanism behind the 'lowballing' technique?
What is the main psychological mechanism behind the 'lowballing' technique?
What principle does social proof utilize to influence behavior?
What principle does social proof utilize to influence behavior?
What does the 'bait and switch' tactic typically involve?
What does the 'bait and switch' tactic typically involve?
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Study Notes
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
- Stereotypes: Beliefs about a group (cognitive component). Can be positive, negative, or neutral.
- Prejudice: Negative attitudes toward a group (affective component). Involves valence—the group is deemed bad.
- Discrimination: Negative behavior towards a group (behavioral component). Involves differential treatment. Usually explicit.
- Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination can occur independently.
- Stigma: A devalued identity. Happens when any aspect of an individual's identity is devalued.
Racism and Sexism
- Individual Racism/Sexism: Prejudiced attitudes and behaviors toward individuals based on their race/sex.
- Systemic Racism/Sexism: Institutional or cultural practices that reinforce one group's dominance over another.
In-Group/Out-Group Dynamics
- Social categories can create in-group/out-group dynamics.
- These dynamics can change based on social context.
Types of Prejudice
- Explicit Prejudice: Consciously held and expressed negative attitudes.
- Implicit Prejudice: Automatic, unconscious, and difficult-to-control associations between groups. Everyone has it.
The Biological Basis of Prejudice
- Our ancestors lived in hunter-gatherer societies and had limited contact with other groups.
- Outsiders were considered dangerous due to potential disease, resource theft, and conflict.
- Appearance-based signals of "outsiderness" were used to identify danger and trigger in-group favoritism.
- This evolutionary adaptive behavior persists in modern times, but the signifiers of otherness have changed.
- The concept of race is a social construct, not a biological one.
Theories of Prejudice
- Robbers Cave Experiment: Demonstrated how group identity formation can lead to intergroup conflict and how superordinate goals can foster cooperation.
- Realistic Conflict Theory: Competition for resources between groups breeds hostility.
- Relative Deprivation Theory: Perceived resource disparities, regardless of actual resources, can lead to conflict. We compare ourselves to others and feel deprived if we perceive ourselves as having less.
- Social Identity Theory: Desire for a positive social identity leads us to favor our own groups and devalue outgroups.
Minimal Group Paradigm
- Randomly assigned groups, even with meaningless distinctions, lead to in-group favoritism and outgroup derogation.
- Demonstrates that group conflict doesn't require real differences or existing stereotypes.
Stereotype Threat
- Fear of acting in a manner consistent with negative stereotypes.
- Can negatively impact performance, even if the person doesn't believe the stereotype.
Reducing Prejudice
- Contact Hypothesis: Simple, regular contact between groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.
- Effective when groups have equal status, common goals, cooperative activities, and structural support.
- Common Ingroup Identity Model: Recategorizing different groups as members of a more inclusive, superordinate group can improve relations.
Self-Regulation of Prejudice
- Self-Regulation of Prejudice Responses Model: People can learn to control prejudice through conscious effort.
- Extrinsic motivation: Driven by a desire to appear non-prejudiced.
- Intrinsic motivation: Driven by genuine moral principles.
Persuasion via Communication
- Mere Exposure Effect: Repeated exposure to something increases liking, as long as it's positive or neutral.
- Persuasion: Process of attitude change.
Dual Processing Model of Persuasion
- Central Route: Uses facts, logic, and requires higher thought to interpret messages.
- Peripheral Route: Utilizes surface-level cues and heuristics, requiring less mental effort.
Six Weapons of Influence (Robert Cialdini)
- Reciprocity: Influenced by the norm of reciprocity—returning favors.
- Door-in-the-face technique: Starting with a large, unreasonable request followed by the real request.
- That's-not-all: Sweetening the offer with additional benefits.
- Commitment and Consistency: Desire to appear consistent in behavior and beliefs.
- Foot-in-the-door: Small initial request followed by a larger request.
- Lowballing: Changing the offer to a higher cost after commitment.
- Bait-and-switch: Replacing the initial offer with a less desirable option.
- Labeling: Assigning a label to someone to encourage consistent behavior.
- Social Proof: Influenced by what others are doing.
- Uses normative social influence - conformity to get compliance.
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