Psychology Chapter on Prejudice and Discrimination
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between prejudice and discrimination?

  • Discrimination is the negative perception of a group, while prejudice is the belief in stereotypes.
  • Prejudice refers to negative feelings, while discrimination involves negative actions. (correct)
  • Prejudice can be measured explicitly, while discrimination cannot be quantified.
  • Prejudice is based on cognitive beliefs, whereas discrimination is a behavioral response.

Which statement accurately describes in-group favoritism?

  • It refers to a bias where out-group members are treated equally.
  • It is the tendency to treat in-group members negatively.
  • It defines the preference to support in-group members over out-group members. (correct)
  • It involves a neutral perception of both in-group and out-group members.

What describes ambivalent stereotypes?

  • Stereotypes that are entirely negative without any positive aspects.
  • Stereotypes that suggest warmth but lack competence. (correct)
  • Stereotypes that equally apply positive and negative traits to a group.
  • Stereotypes that reinforce equality and fairness among all groups.

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure?

<p>Unconscious biases by assessing response times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the negative views of out-group members?

<p>Out-Group Derogation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'resume whitening' related to?

<p>Deleting signs of race or ethnicity from a CV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does self-affirmation have on individuals?

<p>It strengthens personal identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT essential for reducing prejudice according to the contact theory?

<p>Cultural heritage celebration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the job application study, what was the result for applicants with high qualifications?

<p>Both Black and White applicants were equally admitted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influence do self-fulfilling prophecies have on social interactions?

<p>They can cause individuals to conform to negative expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general finding of the Robber’s Cave Study regarding intergroup competition?

<p>It fostered rivalry and hostility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a consequence of systemic inequalities?

<p>Educational gaps among racial groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly associated with biased information processing in hiring practices?

<p>Implicit biases reflecting in ambiguous decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does Realistic Group Conflict Theory emphasize as a cause for intergroup conflict?

<p>Competition for limited resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy study, what was primarily shown to affect the performance of candidates?

<p>The expectations set by the interviewers based on stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome when intergroup conflict was addressed through cooperative tasks in the Robber's Cave study?

<p>Intergroup conflict decreased and positive relationships formed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is illustrated by participants favoring their own group in the Minimal Group Paradigm despite trivial distinctions?

<p>Social Identity Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Derogating Out-Groups study, what motivated participants to rate Jewish candidates more harshly?

<p>Personal insecurities and negative feedback received (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implication of the Contact Hypothesis as derived from the Robber's Cave study?

<p>Cooperation towards shared goals promotes positive relations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the emergence of in-group favoritism as per the Minimal Group Paradigm?

<p>Competition for resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological function of prejudice is illustrated by the findings from the Derogating Out-Groups study?

<p>Restoring self-worth by diminishing others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does discrimination refer to?

<p>Unfair treatment based on group membership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of modern racism?

<p>Rejecting racist beliefs while harboring suspicions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Realistic Group Conflict Theory propose?

<p>Prejudice emerges from competition over resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Minimal Group Paradigm demonstrate?

<p>Arbitrary group assignments can trigger in-group favoritism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Out-Group Homogeneity Effect?

<p>Perceiving out-group members as more similar than in-group members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cognitive shortcuts in the context of stereotyping?

<p>Categorical thinking that simplifies perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the Social Identity Theory?

<p>Group membership can enhance self-concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is paired distinctiveness in the context of stereotyping?

<p>The simultaneous occurrence of two distinctive events creates a strong association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stereotypes

Beliefs about members of a group, often based on generalizations.

Prejudice

Negative feelings towards a group and its members.

Discrimination

Negative behavior directed at members of a particular group.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A test that measures unconscious biases by examining reaction times to different concepts.

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In-Group Favoritism

The tendency to favor members of our own group over members of other groups.

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Explicit Discrimination

Discrimination that is expressed overtly, often through actions and words.

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Implicit Discrimination

Discrimination that is hidden and often unconscious, stemming from subtle biases.

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Modern Racism

Rejection of explicitly racist beliefs while maintaining an enduring suspicion and animosity towards a group.

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Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

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Job Application Study

A study where participants were more likely to admit White applicants than Black applicants, even with similar qualifications.

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Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

The tendency to perceive members of out-groups as more similar to each other than members of the in-group.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Stereotyping

Expectations based on stereotypes influence behavior, creating a cycle of reinforcement.

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Contact Hypothesis

Cooperation toward shared goals reduces prejudice and improves relationships between groups.

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Minimal Group Paradigm

Even when groups are based on trivial criteria, people favor their own group.

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Social Identity and Self-Esteem

People may put down out-groups to boost their own self-esteem.

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Social Identity Theory

In-group favoritism emerges even without meaningful group distinctions; it's driven by a need to feel good about our group.

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Competition and Prejudice

Competition between groups leads to hostility and prejudice.

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Stereotype Threat

Behaviors associated with stereotypes can influence the performance of individuals, creating a cycle of bias and reinforcement.

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Shooter Bias

The tendency for people to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black targets in simulations, highlighting a bias in perception.

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Resume Whitening

A practice where individuals remove or obscure information from their resumes that could reveal their race or ethnicity, often done to increase their chances of getting hired.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A process where our expectations about someone influence our behavior towards them, leading them to behave in ways that confirm our initial expectations.

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Study: Interviewer Bias

A study demonstrating how interviewers' implicit biases can influence their behavior towards Black and White candidates, impacting the candidates' performance in interviews.

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Systemic Inequalities

The underrepresentation of minority groups in various areas like healthcare, education, and justice systems, due to systemic prejudices.

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Attributional Ambiguity

The difficulty faced by minority individuals in determining whether their treatment is a result of discrimination or other factors.

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Self-Affirmation

A technique for reducing prejudice by strengthening individuals' personal identities, leading to less defensive reactions to threats to their self-worth.

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Mutual Interdependence & Common Goals

A strategy for reducing prejudice by fostering cooperation and shared goals among different groups. The Robber’s Cave study demonstrates this effectively.

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Study Notes

Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

  • Key Terms
    • Stereotyping: Cognitive beliefs about group members.
    • Prejudice: Affective negative feelings toward a group.
    • Discrimination: Behavioral negative actions towards group members.

Disadvantages of Group Living

  • Intergroup competition and differing statuses emerge.
  • Dominant and subordinate groups arise.
  • Factors like race and socioeconomic status contribute.
  • Intergroup bias, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are common results.
  • Competition for resources creates social hierarchies.

Group Membership

  • In-Group: The group a person belongs to.
  • Out-Group: The group a person does not belong to.
  • Biases
    • In-Group Favoritism: Positive treatment of in-group members.
    • Out-Group Derogation: Negative views and treatment of out-group members.

Stereotypes

  • Definition: Beliefs that certain traits apply to all members of a group.
  • Stereotype Content Model: Groups are evaluated based on warmth and competence.

Ambivalent Stereotypes

  • Example: Older adults may be seen as warm but not competent.

Benevolent Sexism

  • Positive-sounding stereotypes that still reinforce inequality.
  • Example: "Women should be protected."

Prejudice

  • Definition: Negative attitude or feelings towards a group and its members.

Measuring Implicit Prejudice

  • Implicit Association Test (IAT): Measures unconscious biases through reaction times.
  • Findings: Significant prejudice among a considerable portion of the population.
  • Criticism: Predictive validity of the IAT in predicting behavior is questioned.

Discrimination

  • Definition: Unfair treatment due to group membership.
  • Explicit & Implicit Discrimination: Subtle and overt bias in modern society.
  • Modern Racism: Rejection of explicit racism, yet maintaining hostility towards a group.

Origins of Out-Group Dislike

  • Economic Perspective (Realistic Group Conflict Theory): Prejudice arises from competition over scarce resources.

    • Robber's Cave Study: Illustrates hostility between groups competing over resources.

  • Motivational Perspective (Need to Belong): Psychological reasons for intergroup conflict.

  • Minimal Group Paradigm: Even arbitrary group assignment can trigger in-group favoritism.

  • Social Identity Theory: People derive self-concept from group membership, desiring positive social identity.

Cognitive Perspective

  • Cognitive Shortcuts:

    • Stereotyping as a shortcut for categorizing people.
    • Stereotypes as efficient but potentially inaccurate cognitive processes.

  • Out-Group Homogeneity Effect: Belief that out-group members are more similar than in-group members.

  • Paired Distinctiveness: Tendency to pair distinctive events with minority groups.

  • Shooter Bias: Increased likelihood of mistakenly shooting unarmed individuals of certain races in simulations.

  • Biased Information Processing:

    • Resume Whitening: Modifying resumes to obscure racial identity.
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy: Stereotypes affecting behavior and outcomes.

Reducing Stereotyping, Prejudice & Discrimination

  • Self-Affirmation: Strengthening personal identity reduces defensive reactions.
  • Mutual Interdependence & Common Goals: Cooperation reduces prejudice (Robber's Cave Study).
  • Contact Hypothesis: Cooperation towards superordinate goals reduces prejudice.
  • Job Application Study: Shows subtle bias in hiring processes, implicating modern racism.

Further Studies (Robber's Cave Study)

  • Part 2: Cooperative tasks reduced intergroup hostility.

  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Study: Interviewer behavior based on stereotypes affected candidate performance.

  • Minimal Group Paradigm (Part 1): Even arbitrary group distinctions can influence in-group favoritism.

  • Derogating Out-Groups Study: Negative feedback linked to more negative evaluations of out-group members, suggesting self-esteem impacts prejudice.

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Related Documents

PSY220 Lecture 11 PDF

Description

Explore key concepts related to prejudice, discrimination, and social dynamics in this informative quiz. Topics include implicit biases, in-group favoritism, and the effects of stereotypes on social behavior. Test your understanding of important psychological theories and studies.

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