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Questions and Answers
In 2006, Shin'ya Yamanaka reprogrammed mature cells into ______ by introducing 24 specific genes.
In 2006, Shin'ya Yamanaka reprogrammed mature cells into ______ by introducing 24 specific genes.
stem cells
The cells Yamanaka worked with are known to be ______, meaning they can become any cell type.
The cells Yamanaka worked with are known to be ______, meaning they can become any cell type.
pluripotent
Canadian Ernest McCulloch is known for his work in ______.
Canadian Ernest McCulloch is known for his work in ______.
hematology
Early research on bone marrow cells revealed the existence of specialized cells capable of self-replication and ______ into diverse cell types.
Early research on bone marrow cells revealed the existence of specialized cells capable of self-replication and ______ into diverse cell types.
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Adult stem cells are more ______ than embryonic stem cells but exhibit greater flexibility in differentiation than previously thought.
Adult stem cells are more ______ than embryonic stem cells but exhibit greater flexibility in differentiation than previously thought.
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McCulloch collaborated with James Till on ______ cell research.
McCulloch collaborated with James Till on ______ cell research.
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In 1957, McCulloch became Head of ______ at the Ontario Cancer Institute.
In 1957, McCulloch became Head of ______ at the Ontario Cancer Institute.
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In a study involving mice, each mouse spleen nodule was found to contain approximately ______ bone marrow cells.
In a study involving mice, each mouse spleen nodule was found to contain approximately ______ bone marrow cells.
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McCulloch published his pivotal findings in the journal ______ in 1963.
McCulloch published his pivotal findings in the journal ______ in 1963.
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In 2010, McCulloch was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of ______.
In 2010, McCulloch was inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of ______.
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McCulloch and Till's research uncovered a crucial type of cell known as a ______.
McCulloch and Till's research uncovered a crucial type of cell known as a ______.
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McCulloch observed unusual nodules on mice ______ after bone marrow transplants.
McCulloch observed unusual nodules on mice ______ after bone marrow transplants.
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The clones created from the original cells are referred to as ______-forming units.
The clones created from the original cells are referred to as ______-forming units.
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The discovery established the ability of bone marrow cells to be ______ and grow into various blood cells.
The discovery established the ability of bone marrow cells to be ______ and grow into various blood cells.
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The implications of their work for understanding and treating blood ______ were significant.
The implications of their work for understanding and treating blood ______ were significant.
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James Till declined an assistant professorship at ______ in 1957.
James Till declined an assistant professorship at ______ in 1957.
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In 2005, James Till was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research jointly with ______.
In 2005, James Till was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research jointly with ______.
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James Till's groundbreaking discovery of ______ cells was made in collaboration with Ernest McCulloch.
James Till's groundbreaking discovery of ______ cells was made in collaboration with Ernest McCulloch.
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Till's research expanded to include cancer treatment, research ethics, and patient quality of ______.
Till's research expanded to include cancer treatment, research ethics, and patient quality of ______.
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James Till grew up in a rural farming community in ______, Canada.
James Till grew up in a rural farming community in ______, Canada.
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Tu Youyou developed a method for extracting active ingredients from ______, a medicinal plant.
Tu Youyou developed a method for extracting active ingredients from ______, a medicinal plant.
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Artemisinin was licensed for use in ______.
Artemisinin was licensed for use in ______.
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Tu Youyou received the prestigious ______ Award in 2011.
Tu Youyou received the prestigious ______ Award in 2011.
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Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has successfully treated over ______ million people worldwide annually.
Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has successfully treated over ______ million people worldwide annually.
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Omura won a Nobel Prize in ______ in Physiology or Medicine.
Omura won a Nobel Prize in ______ in Physiology or Medicine.
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Tu Youyou tested 380 extracts from 200 plants for their ability to kill malaria-causing ______ parasites in mice.
Tu Youyou tested 380 extracts from 200 plants for their ability to kill malaria-causing ______ parasites in mice.
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The extract of ______ annua was initially tested for its medicinal potential.
The extract of ______ annua was initially tested for its medicinal potential.
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A new preparation technique involves simmering the root of the plant to make a ______.
A new preparation technique involves simmering the root of the plant to make a ______.
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In preparation of herbal medicine, a mortar and ______ is used for grinding plant material.
In preparation of herbal medicine, a mortar and ______ is used for grinding plant material.
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The label shows '______ HONG' in large lettering.
The label shows '______ HONG' in large lettering.
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Jane Goodall is a world-leading expert on ______.
Jane Goodall is a world-leading expert on ______.
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In 1960, she began her study at Gombe National Park in ______.
In 1960, she began her study at Gombe National Park in ______.
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Jane Goodall earned a PhD in ______ from Cambridge University.
Jane Goodall earned a PhD in ______ from Cambridge University.
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In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall ______ to promote conservation efforts.
In 1977, she founded the Jane Goodall ______ to promote conservation efforts.
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Goodall's research showed that chimpanzees are complex ______.
Goodall's research showed that chimpanzees are complex ______.
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Chimpanzees have an ______ diet, eating more than just fruits and vegetables.
Chimpanzees have an ______ diet, eating more than just fruits and vegetables.
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She observed chimpanzees using ______, which shows similarities to human behavior.
She observed chimpanzees using ______, which shows similarities to human behavior.
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Goodall's work has inspired new generations of ______-minded scientists.
Goodall's work has inspired new generations of ______-minded scientists.
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Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in ______ for her discovery of artemisinin.
Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in ______ for her discovery of artemisinin.
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Tu Youyou's interest in medical research was sparked after she contracted ______ as a teenager.
Tu Youyou's interest in medical research was sparked after she contracted ______ as a teenager.
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The ancient recipe that led to the effective extraction of artemisinin came from the plant ______ annua.
The ancient recipe that led to the effective extraction of artemisinin came from the plant ______ annua.
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Tu Youyou was appointed by the Chinese government to lead ______ to discover new antimalarials.
Tu Youyou was appointed by the Chinese government to lead ______ to discover new antimalarials.
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Tu Youyou's research focused on traditional Chinese medicine, which provided a rich resource for ______ discovery.
Tu Youyou's research focused on traditional Chinese medicine, which provided a rich resource for ______ discovery.
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Malaria is caused by the ______ parasite transmitted by mosquitoes.
Malaria is caused by the ______ parasite transmitted by mosquitoes.
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In her early research, Tu Youyou gained insights into ______ diseases.
In her early research, Tu Youyou gained insights into ______ diseases.
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Tu Youyou is the chief scientist at the China Academy of Traditional ______ Medicine in Beijing.
Tu Youyou is the chief scientist at the China Academy of Traditional ______ Medicine in Beijing.
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Study Notes
Canadian Ernest McCulloch
- Canadian Ernest McCulloch was a hematologist
- He dreamed of finding a cure for leukemia
- When a radiation experiment produced an odd result, he recognized it as something entirely new.
James Till
- James Till grew up in a farming community in the rural border town of Lloydminster, Canada
- He won a scholarship to Yale University upon graduation
- He completed a PhD in biophysics in 1957
- He took up a research fellowship at the University of Toronto
- He was recruited to the Ontario Cancer Institute in 1958
- Later, his research interests expanded in relation to cancer treatment, and he studied research ethics and patient quality of life
- He worked with McCulloch (jointly) on stem cells.
McCulloch and Till
- In 1961, McCulloch and Till published a paper on the "radiation sensitivity of mouse bone marrow cells"
- They discovered a special type of cell that became known as the stem cell
- These cells have a unique potential to become other specialized types of cells.
- This was in line with the game-changing discovery about quite by chance.
- McCulloch described the importance of serendipity research
- Till was interested in the medical potential of radiation and wanted to explore its effects on cancer cells
Stem Cell Research
- The two began measuring the radiation doses and survival of mice
- The team repeated the experiment and this time carried out autopsies on mice 10 days after transplants.
- They found that many of the donor cells had survived.
- They discovered colonies of cells.
- They found that each module had grown from a single cell.
- They referred to these original cells as "colony-forming units".
- They published their findings in a plainly titled paper.
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Description
This quiz explores significant contributions to stem cell research, particularly focusing on Shin'ya Yamanaka's reprogramming techniques and Ernest McCulloch's groundbreaking studies. Test your knowledge on various concepts including pluripotent cells and the history of stem cell advancements.
