Stem Cell Research and Breakthroughs Quiz
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Stem Cell Research and Breakthroughs Quiz

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@Satoru Gojo

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary method Shinya Yamanaka used to revert mature cells to a stem-cell state?

  • Creating chemical compounds to modify cellular DNA
  • Introducing 24 specific proteins into the cells
  • Injecting embryonic stem cells into mature cells
  • Inserting 24 specific genes into adult skin cells (correct)

    • What significant conclusion was made about adult stem cells in recent research?

  • They can only differentiate into one specific cell type
  • They may be more flexible than previously thought (correct)
  • They can only be derived from bone marrow tissue
  • They are always less flexible than embryonic stem cells

    • What was the main focus of the 1963 paper by Till, McCulloch, and Becker?

  • The radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells (correct)
  • The ability of adult stem cells to differentiate into various cell types
  • The effects of gene insertion on stem cell versatility
  • The role of embryonic stem cells in tissue regeneration

    • How does the presence of stem cells contribute to the body?

    <p>They facilitate the healing and regeneration of damaged tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception about pluripotent stem cells was challenged by Yamanaka's work?

    <p>Pluripotent stem cells can only exist in embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year did Ernest McCulloch receive his medical degree?

    <p>1948</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant research topic did McCulloch focus on during the 1970s?

    <p>Stem cell research related to leukemia mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what prestigious publication did McCulloch and his colleagues publish their pivotal research findings in 1963?

    <p>Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which honor did McCulloch receive in 2010 for his contributions to medical research?

    <p>Induction into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution did McCulloch join in 1957 that significantly contributed to his research career?

    <p>Ontario Cancer Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant compound did Tu Youyou isolate that revolutionized malaria treatment?

    <p>Artemisinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of 'Project 523' initiated by the Chinese government?

    <p>To find new antimalarial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inspired Tu Youyou's interest in researching medicine?

    <p>Her battle with tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Tu Youyou receive the Nobel Prize for her contributions to malaria research?

    <p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite is responsible for causing malaria?

    <p>Protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional knowledge did Tu Youyou refer to for her research in extracting artemisinin?

    <p>An ancient Chinese recipe dating back 1600 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Tu Youyou hold at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>Chief Scientist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major health challenge did Tu Youyou's research address during the late 1960s?

    <p>Malaria drug resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant achievement is James Till known for in collaboration with Ernest McCulloch?

    <p>Discovery of adult stem cells in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of James Till's research interests expanded beyond his initial focus?

    <p>Patient quality of life and the role of the internet in advocacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did James Till receive the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research?

    <p>2005</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells did Till and McCulloch find to be unspecialized and present in human bones?

    <p>Adult stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did James Till complete his PhD in biophysics?

    <p>Yale University</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of testing the 380 extracts from 200 plants?

    <p>To evaluate their ability to kill malaria-causing <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant extract showed initial promise in killing Plasmodium parasites?

    <p>Artemisia annua extract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preparation technique is commonly used in Chinese medicine for roots?

    <p>Decoction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable issue encountered with the Artemisia annua extract during the evaluation?

    <p>Results from the evaluation were inconsistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many extracts were tested in the evaluation mentioned in the content?

    <p>380</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of McCulloch and Till's research when they discovered stem cells?

    <p>The medical potential of nuclear radiation on cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did McCulloch and Till demonstrate that each nodule originated from a single cell?

    <p>By applying radiation to create chromosome markers in donor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells were identified as being part of each clone formed from the stem cells?

    <p>All three main blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did McCulloch and Till use to describe the original cells that formed colonies in their research?

    <p>Colony-forming units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were McCulloch and Till cautious about publishing their findings in 1961?

    <p>They were uncertain about the validity of their results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary source of Tu Youyou's discovery of artemisinin?

    <p>Traditional Chinese medicine practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the qinghao plant did Tu Youyou focus her experiments on?

    <p>Aerial parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant award did Tu Youyou win in 2011?

    <p>Lasker Award</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound did Tu Youyou develop after artemisinin that is more potent?

    <p>Dihydroartemisinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization licensed artemisinin as a new drug in 1992?

    <p>Chinese Ministry of Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people are treated annually with artemisinin-based combination therapy?

    <p>198 Million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key method used by Tu Youyou to extract artemisinin?

    <p>Low-temperature extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical text did Tu Youyou consult for her research?

    <p>Ge Hong's handbook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Jane Goodall begin her significant field study of chimpanzees in Tanzania?

    <p>1960</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institute did Jane Goodall establish to promote research and conservation?

    <p>Jane Goodall Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notable behavior did Jane Goodall document that was previously thought to be unique to humans?

    <p>Tool use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the early educational initiatives established by Jane Goodall aimed at youth?

    <p>Roots and Shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What degree did Jane Goodall earn from Cambridge University?

    <p>PhD in Ethology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who supported Jane Goodall's early research and encouraged her studies of primates?

    <p>Louis Leakey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of chimpanzee behavior did Jane Goodall NOT specifically document in her research?

    <p>Migratory patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge did Jane Goodall face when she first studied the chimpanzees?

    <p>Rejection by the chimpanzee community</p> Signup and view all the answers

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