Stem Cell Research Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main benefits of embryonic stem cells (ES cells)?

  • They can differentiate into all three germ layers. (correct)
  • They cannot proliferate indefinitely.
  • They are obtained without ethical concerns.
  • They have no potential for cell therapy.

    • Embryonic stem cells can only be derived from adult tissues.

    False

    What procedure can be used to produce ES cells from the patient's own cells?

    Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

    ES cells are crucial for the in vitro study of __________ processes which cannot be assessed otherwise.

    <p>developmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts related to ES cells with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Pluripotent = Ability to differentiate into any cell type Ethical concerns = Issues surrounding the destruction of human blastocysts Biobanking = Creation of an ES cell bank for immune matching Immune rejection = Potential response due to unmatched HLA haplotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for discovering that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent?

    <p>John Gurdon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells) can only be generated from embryonic stem cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution did Shinya Yamanaka make in 2006 regarding somatic cells?

    <p>He demonstrated that fully differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent stem cell state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique associated with the cloning of __________.

    <p>Dolly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their contributions to stem cell research:

    <p>John Gurdon = Nobel Prize for cell reprogramming Shinya Yamanaka = Discovery of iPS cells Colman and Kind = Research on therapeutic cloning Takahashi et al. = Induction of iPS cells from fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) over embryonic stem cells?

    <p>They are individual-specific and non-immunogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two types of somatic cells that can be used to generate iPS cells.

    <p>Fibroblasts and keratinocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the benefits of iPS cells is that there are no ethical issues involved in their use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the iPSC quality control checklist?

    <p>Gene expression profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's Disease is called STEM-PD.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary cells were used in the pioneering procedure for Parkinson's Disease treatment?

    <p>Fetal midbrain cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One method discussed for efficiently delivering cells is ______.

    <p>Bioengineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the methods of delivering cells to their descriptions:

    <p>Transdifferentiation = Conversion of one cell type to another without reverting to a stem cell stage Organoids = Miniaturized and simplified organs produced in vitro Bioengineering = Using engineering principles to develop biological products Stem-PD = Stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of using cord blood as a source of stem cells?

    <p>Increased donor availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have significant diversity in how they are described and manufactured.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one current application of mesenchymal stem cells in clinical trials?

    <p>Their immune suppression properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cord blood contains both mesenchymal and __________ stem cells.

    <p>hematopoietic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stem cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Pluripotent stem cells = Able to differentiate into nearly any cell type Multipotent stem cells = Limited to specific lineages Anti-inflammatory properties = Used in MSCs Short-term existence = Characteristic of allogeneic MSCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of cord blood?

    <p>Lower risk of GvHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Current MSC clinical trials do not utilize their anti-inflammatory properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge that needs to be addressed when taking stem cell therapies to the clinic?

    <p>Scarcity of stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known risk associated with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

    <p>Tumorigenicity due to incomplete silencing of oncogenic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multipotent stem cells are specific to specific tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who performed the first successful stem cell transplant?

    <p>Dr. E. Donnall Thomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells required patients to wait over _____ months for surgery.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stem cell with its characteristic:

    <p>Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) = Most widely transplanted in stem cell therapies Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) = Can differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) = Risk of genomic alterations Multipotent Stem Cells = Tissue-specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge of personalized medicine using iPSCs?

    <p>Long wait times and high costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Graft versus Leukemia (GvL) effect occurs in allogeneic HSC transplantation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hematopoietic stem cells in transplantation?

    <p>They replenish the recipient's hematopoietic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases have been targeted by iPSC-derived cell therapies?

    <p>Various diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to neural stem cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many clinical trials involving iPSC-derived cell therapy are currently registered?

    <p>19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trial plans to enroll a total of _____ patients for transplantation, starting with patients from Sweden.

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to stem cells with their descriptions:

    <p>iPSCs = Stem cells generated directly from adult cells ESCs = Stem cells derived from early embryos Cord blood stem cells = Stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood Neural stem cells = Stem cells that can differentiate into neural cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ESCs and iPSCs are equivalent for transplantations as part of stem cell therapies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a current limitation of stem cell therapies?

    <p>Potential immune rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced pluripotent stem cells pose no concern of immune rejection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Define stem cells
    • Classify different stem cell types
    • Describe therapeutic use of stem cells
    • Discuss current limitations of stem cell therapies

    Lecture Overview: Part 1

    • What are stem cells?
    • Stem cell classification
    • Pluripotent stem cells (ES cells and iPS cells)
    • Multipotent stem cells

    Lecture Overview: Part 2

    • Translation to the clinic: several considerations
    • Current applications of Stem Cell Therapies

    Stem Cell Therapy: Regenerative Medicine

    • Why? Organ shortage, donor incompatibility
    • How? Repair tissues/organs, replacing cells
    • Which sources? Isolated or induced stem cells
    • Data: 103,223 people on the US national transplant waiting list (representative data)

    What are Stem Cells?

    • Stem cells have two defining qualities:
      • Self-renewal
      • Differentiation into specialized mature cells
      • A diagram showing the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is included

    What is the Origin of Stem Cells?

    • Stem cells develop from a fertilized egg
    • Stages shown: fertilized oocyte, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo
    • Different types of stem cells are shown: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

    Stem Cell Classification

    • Totipotent: Can give rise to an entire organism (e.g., zygote)
    • Pluripotent: Can give rise to all three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm)
    • Multipotent: Can give rise to a limited number of cell types

    Embryonic Stem Cells (ES Cells)

    • Murine ES cell lines established in 1981
    • Human ES cell lines derived in 1998
    • Can be isolated from excess IVF eggs

    ES Cells and Their Potential

    • Can proliferate indefinitely, maintaining pluripotency
    • Give rise to all three germ layers: neurons, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, liver cells
    • Crucial for studying developmental processes
    • Useful for modeling diseases (e.g., genetic diseases, etc.)
    • Have significant potential for cell therapy

    Limitations of ES Cells

    • Ethical concerns: human blastocysts are sacrificed
    • Allogeneic transplantation: immune rejection due to HLA haplotype mismatch
    • Steps to circumvent immune rejection:
      • Biobanking HLA-typed cell lines
      • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
    • Figures and data related to these considerations are presented

    Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

    • A technique to produce ES cells from a patient's own cells
    • Diagrams are used to explain the process
    • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was awarded for this discovery

    Therapeutic Cloning

    • Using SCNT to produce ES cells for a patient's own use
    • Diagram illustrating the process

    Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS Cells)

    • Fully differentiated somatic cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells (2006)
    • Reprogramming involves introducing specific genes
    • Significant advantage because no embryos/ethical issues
    • iPS cells possess many advantages similar to ES cells
    • iPSC can be made easily, and maintained in storage

    iPSCs and their Potential

    • Overcome ethical concerns of ES cells
    • Viable alternative for cell therapies
    • Versatile for various somatic cell types (blood, keratinocytes, fibroblasts)

    Limitations of iPSCs

    • Risk of incomplete differentiation
    • Genomic/epigenetic alterations in iPSC-derived cells
    • Tumorigenicity due to incomplete silencing of oncogenic factors (e.g., Myc, Klf4)
    • Personalized medicine may not be realistic
    • Financial and time limitations can be significant

    Multipotent Stem Cells

    • More tissue-specific
    • Harder to access and isolate
    • Locations of adult stem cells shown in diagram

    Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

    • Most widely transplanted stem cells in therapies
    • HSCs reside in the bone marrow and replenish the hematopoietic system
    • History of HSC transplantation: post-WWII, first transplant in 1956
    • Considerations: GvHD, conditioning regimens, sources (BM, MPB, UCB)
    • Allogeneic vs. autologous transplantation
    • Indications for HSC transplantation: illustrated with a table categorizing malignancies and non-malignant disorders

    Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

    • MSCs can differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes
    • Markers for MSCs
    • Wide use in clinical trials (types and regions illustrated in diagram)
    • Anti-inflammatory properties, tissue repair
    • Short-term existence: possible allogeneic safety
    • Immune suppression properties

    How to Overcome the Scarcity of Stem Cells

    • Extracting from alternate sources (e.g., umbilical cord blood)
    • Expanding hematopoietic stem cells in vitro for increased yield
    • Different methods for expanding cells shown in diagram

    How to Design Protocols to Obtain Cells of Interest from Stem Cells?

    • cGMP-compliant protocol
    • Complete differentiation of all pluripotent stem cells
    • Ensuring the specific cells of interest are obtained and tested for functionality

    How to Ensure the Safety of Material to be Transplanted?

    • Risks: Teratomas, insertional mutagenesis
    • Important quality control checklist considerations
    • Genomic integrity testing

    How to Efficiently Deliver the Cells?

    • Bioengineering considerations (biomaterials, injectable hydrogels, cell sheets)
    • Other delivery methods discussed (organoid development, specific example of Parkinson's Disease therapy)

    Blood Formation During Development

    • Stages and locations of blood cell development
    • Diagram shows the waves and locations of hematopoietic development in an embryo

    Translation to the Clinic

    • Overcoming stem cell scarcity
    • Safe and efficient protocols for obtaining specific cells
    • How stem-cells are safely delivered for transplantation and integration into patients

    Parkinson's Disease

    • Use of stem cells in the clinic for Parkinson's disease
    • Clinical trial for Parkinsons disease
    • Pioneering work of A. Björklund & O. Lindvall

    iPSC-Derived Cell Therapy Trials

    • Recent clinical trials using iPSC-derived cell therapy
    • Diseases Targeted by iPSC therapies

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in this quiz. Discover key concepts, notable researchers, and significant breakthroughs in stem cell research, including the contributions of Nobel laureates. Challenge yourself to match terms and describe processes in this fascinating field of study.

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