Statistics and Research Methodologies
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Questions and Answers

Which analysis is used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables when the data is not normally distributed?

  • Spearman's Rank Correlation (correct)
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
  • Kruskal-Wallis Test

    • What type of test is suitable for comparing the effects of two different teaching methods on student test scores, assuming data is normally distributed and your groups are independent?

  • Spearman's Rank Correlation
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • t-test (correct)
  • Kruskal-Wallis Test

    • Which statistical test is appropriate for examining the difference in pain relief between three different pain medications when the data does not meet the assumptions of ANOVA?

  • Kruskal-Wallis Test (correct)
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • Spearman's Rank Correlation
  • t-test

    • A researcher wants to see if a new drug effectively lowers blood pressure in patients. They measure the blood pressure of patients before and after taking the drug. What statistical test should they use?

    <p>Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scale is used for measuring age?

    <p>Ratio Scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assumptions is NOT necessary for conducting a t-test?

    <p>Non-parametric data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the introduction chapter in a research paper?

    <p>To present the research problem and its significance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a true zero indicate in a Ratio Scale?

    <p>The absence of the variable being measured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a t-test in the context of comparing two groups?

    <p>To assess differences in the central tendency of two groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an Ordinal Scale?

    <p>Can have a negative value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter typically summarizes the main findings and conclusions of a research paper?

    <p>Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When would a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test be preferred over a t-test?

    <p>When data is not normally distributed and paired (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of defining terms used in a research study?

    <p>To ensure clear and consistent communication throughout the study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statistical measures can be calculated for interval scales?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of stating a null hypothesis (Ho) in a research study?

    <p>To demonstrate that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

    <p>To organize and summarize data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-parametric tests?

    <p>They require larger sample sizes than parametric tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is most commonly used for data collected using an interval or ratio scale?

    <p>Mean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research, what is the significance of identifying potential beneficiaries of the study?

    <p>To determine the research's impact and practical value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a standard deviation tell you about a dataset?

    <p>The spread or variability of the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between conceptual and operational definitions of terms in research?

    <p>Conceptual definitions provide a general understanding, while operational definitions define how terms are measured or observed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these concepts are examples of an Ordinal Scale?

    <p>Level of agreement on a survey (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of citing sources in a research paper?

    <p>To avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to choose reliable sources when gathering reference materials for a research paper?

    <p>To ensure that the information used in the study is factually accurate and credible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of research methodology?

    <p>To provide a step-by-step guide for conducting research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consideration when writing the methodology section of a research paper?

    <p>Including personal opinions and interpretations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying the type of research instrument in the 'Research Instruments' section?

    <p>To ensure the instrument is suitable for the study's objectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Data Gathering Procedure' section?

    <p>To explain how the data will be collected and analyzed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Composition of the Instrument' refer to?

    <p>The different categories or sections within the instrument. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reliability of a research instrument differ from its validity?

    <p>Reliability refers to the instrument's consistency, while validity refers to its accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Cronbach's Alpha' used for in research?

    <p>To assess the reliability of a research instrument. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 'Data Analysis Procedure' section, what are descriptive and inferential statistics used for?

    <p>To examine relationships and draw conclusions. (B), To summarize and present data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting a reliability test?

    <p>To determine if the research instrument consistently measures the intended construct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which software is NOT mentioned as a possible tool for data processing?

    <p>Python (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 'Results and Discussion' section?

    <p>To present the quantitative data gathered from the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including a table of respondent distribution?

    <p>To show the demographics and characteristics of the study participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Conclusion' section aim to achieve?

    <p>To provide a lasting impression and summarize the study's main findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Recommendations' section?

    <p>To suggest potential areas for future research based on the study's findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'Tabulation of Data' in the research process?

    <p>To organize and process the raw data collected from respondents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential purpose of the 'Summary' section?

    <p>To summarize the key findings of the study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of Chapter 1: Introduction?

    <p>Statement of the Problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 'Background of the Study' section within the introduction?

    <p>To explain the research gap and its significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the 'Statement of the Problem' section?

    <p>To summarize the findings of previous studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section typically includes a detailed explanation of the variables involved in the research and their relationships?

    <p>Review of Related Literature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis?

    <p>A question is a general inquiry, while a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the 'Significance of the Study' section?

    <p>To explain the potential benefits and impact of the research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section in the research outline focuses on the actual steps taken during the study's execution?

    <p>Procedural Flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between 'specific problem 1' and 'specific problem 2' in the context of research questions?

    <p>Specific problem 1 focuses on a broader aspect of the study, while specific problem 2 focuses on a more specific aspect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methodology

    • Research is a systematic investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural phenomena.
    • Research involves controlled, empirical, and critical investigation.

    Parts of a Research Study

    • Chapter 1: Introduction
      • Background of the Study: Establishes the research gap and the context.
      • Statement of the Problem: Outlines specific problems to be addressed.
      • Hypothesis: Proposed explanations or predictions. (Null and alternative)
      • Definition of Terms: Clear definitions of key terms used in the study.
      • Significance of the Study: Describes the value and impact of the research.
      • Scope and Delimitation: Boundaries of the study and what is excluded.
    • Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
      • Variables: Identifies and examines key variables.
      • Synthesis: Combines information from various sources.
      • Conceptual Framework: Shows the relationships between variables.
    • Chapter 3: Methodology
      • Research Design: The overall plan of the study.
      • Procedural Flow: Detailed steps of the data collection process.
      • Data Gathering Methods: Explains how data was collected (e.g., surveys, interviews).
      • Data Analysis: Describes how data was analyzed.
    • Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
    • Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

    Research Types

    • Quantitative Research: Systematic investigation of observable phenomena using quantifiable data (numbers).

      • Survey Research: Uses questionnaires, surveys, or polls to gather data from a sample of respondents.
      • Descriptive Research: Observes and reports events or characteristics of a group without any intervention.
      • Correlational Research: Explores connections between variables, noting the direction and strength of their relationship. It does NOT mean cause-and-effect.
      • Ex-Post Facto/ Causal-Comparative research: Research that determines causes of phenomena that have already occurred, it is identifying a pre-existing condition or characteristic/variable (e.g., age, gender) and how it affects another variable.

    • Qualitative Research: Explores in-depth understanding of real-world problems.

      • Observation: Gathering data through senses.
      • Survey: Obtaining information through questionnaires.
      • Interview: Oral questioning to collect insights.
      • Experiment: Manipulating treatment or conditions to explore effects on subjects.

    Research Instruments

    • Instruments: Tools for collecting data.
    • Data Gathering/Collection: explains how data were gathered.
    • Validity: Is the measure measuring what you intend it to measure?; use of panel of experts.
    • Reliability: Consistency in measurement.

    Statistical Tools

    • Parametric: Used when data is normally distributed (e.g., T-tests, ANOVA).
    • Non-parametric: Used when data is not normally distributed (e.g., Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test).

    Variables

    • Independent Variable: Stimulus; affects dependent variable.
    • Dependent Variable: Response; being observed for changes.
    • Levels of Measurement: Categorization of variables; nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.

    Hypothesis

    • Hypothesis: Statement or assertion about people, events, objects. Includes (Null) and/or (Alternative) hypotheses.

    • Hypothesis Testing: Using data to either accept or reject a hypothesis.

    Summary, Recommendations, and Procedure

    • Summary: A brief restatement of the major findings.
    • Recommendations: Practical suggestions for future research.
    • Procedure: Instructions on how to conduct the study.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential statistical tests and methods commonly used in research. It explores topics such as correlations, t-tests, scales of measurement, and the purpose of introductory chapters in research papers. Ideal for students studying statistics and research design.

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