Statistics and Research Methodologies

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which analysis is used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables when the data is not normally distributed?

  • Spearman's Rank Correlation (correct)
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
  • Kruskal-Wallis Test

What type of test is suitable for comparing the effects of two different teaching methods on student test scores, assuming data is normally distributed and your groups are independent?

  • Spearman's Rank Correlation
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • t-test (correct)
  • Kruskal-Wallis Test

Which statistical test is appropriate for examining the difference in pain relief between three different pain medications when the data does not meet the assumptions of ANOVA?

  • Kruskal-Wallis Test (correct)
  • Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
  • Spearman's Rank Correlation
  • t-test

A researcher wants to see if a new drug effectively lowers blood pressure in patients. They measure the blood pressure of patients before and after taking the drug. What statistical test should they use?

<p>Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of scale is used for measuring age?

<p>Ratio Scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assumptions is NOT necessary for conducting a t-test?

<p>Non-parametric data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the introduction chapter in a research paper?

<p>To present the research problem and its significance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a true zero indicate in a Ratio Scale?

<p>The absence of the variable being measured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a t-test in the context of comparing two groups?

<p>To assess differences in the central tendency of two groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an Ordinal Scale?

<p>Can have a negative value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chapter typically summarizes the main findings and conclusions of a research paper?

<p>Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When would a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test be preferred over a t-test?

<p>When data is not normally distributed and paired (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of defining terms used in a research study?

<p>To ensure clear and consistent communication throughout the study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statistical measures can be calculated for interval scales?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of stating a null hypothesis (Ho) in a research study?

<p>To demonstrate that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of descriptive statistics?

<p>To organize and summarize data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-parametric tests?

<p>They require larger sample sizes than parametric tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of central tendency is most commonly used for data collected using an interval or ratio scale?

<p>Mean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research, what is the significance of identifying potential beneficiaries of the study?

<p>To determine the research's impact and practical value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a standard deviation tell you about a dataset?

<p>The spread or variability of the data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between conceptual and operational definitions of terms in research?

<p>Conceptual definitions provide a general understanding, while operational definitions define how terms are measured or observed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these concepts are examples of an Ordinal Scale?

<p>Level of agreement on a survey (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of citing sources in a research paper?

<p>To avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to choose reliable sources when gathering reference materials for a research paper?

<p>To ensure that the information used in the study is factually accurate and credible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of research methodology?

<p>To provide a step-by-step guide for conducting research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration when writing the methodology section of a research paper?

<p>Including personal opinions and interpretations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying the type of research instrument in the 'Research Instruments' section?

<p>To ensure the instrument is suitable for the study's objectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Data Gathering Procedure' section?

<p>To explain how the data will be collected and analyzed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Composition of the Instrument' refer to?

<p>The different categories or sections within the instrument. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reliability of a research instrument differ from its validity?

<p>Reliability refers to the instrument's consistency, while validity refers to its accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Cronbach's Alpha' used for in research?

<p>To assess the reliability of a research instrument. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Data Analysis Procedure' section, what are descriptive and inferential statistics used for?

<p>To examine relationships and draw conclusions. (B), To summarize and present data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a reliability test?

<p>To determine if the research instrument consistently measures the intended construct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which software is NOT mentioned as a possible tool for data processing?

<p>Python (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the 'Results and Discussion' section?

<p>To present the quantitative data gathered from the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including a table of respondent distribution?

<p>To show the demographics and characteristics of the study participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Conclusion' section aim to achieve?

<p>To provide a lasting impression and summarize the study's main findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Recommendations' section?

<p>To suggest potential areas for future research based on the study's findings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'Tabulation of Data' in the research process?

<p>To organize and process the raw data collected from respondents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential purpose of the 'Summary' section?

<p>To summarize the key findings of the study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a part of Chapter 1: Introduction?

<p>Statement of the Problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the 'Background of the Study' section within the introduction?

<p>To explain the research gap and its significance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the 'Statement of the Problem' section?

<p>To summarize the findings of previous studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section typically includes a detailed explanation of the variables involved in the research and their relationships?

<p>Review of Related Literature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a research question and a research hypothesis?

<p>A question is a general inquiry, while a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the 'Significance of the Study' section?

<p>To explain the potential benefits and impact of the research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section in the research outline focuses on the actual steps taken during the study's execution?

<p>Procedural Flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'specific problem 1' and 'specific problem 2' in the context of research questions?

<p>Specific problem 1 focuses on a broader aspect of the study, while specific problem 2 focuses on a more specific aspect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research

A systematic investigation of hypothetical propositions regarding natural phenomena.

Background of the Study

Introduction to the context and significance of the research topic.

Statement of the Problem

Clearly outlines the issue the research intends to address.

Research Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about the expected outcomes of the study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scope and Delimitation

Defines the boundaries of the research, including what is included and excluded.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conceptual Framework

A structure that guides research by defining key concepts and their relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Methodology

The overall strategy and specific procedures used to conduct research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

A statement that there is no effect or no difference.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

A statement that indicates the presence of an effect or difference.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Significance of the Study

The importance and contributions of the research findings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Beneficiary

An entity that gains from the research results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reference List

A compilation of sources consulted or cited in a study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conceptual Definition

Defines a term based on its general meaning found in literature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Operational Definition

Defines a term based on how it is used in research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Citing Sources

The practice of giving credit to the original authors of referenced materials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T-test

A statistical test comparing outcomes between two independent groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

Measures the linear relationship between two continuous, normally distributed variables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

A non-parametric test for paired data to assess significant differences between two related groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Kruskal-Wallis Test

Non-parametric test used for comparing three or more independent groups when ANOVA assumptions aren't met.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spearman’s Rank Correlation

Examines relationship strength and direction between two variables, used for non-normally distributed data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parametric Test

Statistical tests that assume data follows a specific distribution, typically normal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-parametric Test

Statistical tests that do not require data to follow a normal distribution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

P-value

The probability of observing your sample means' differences assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ordinal Scale

A scale that indicates order or rank of variables without numeric differences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Descriptive Statistics

Methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data informatively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interval Scale

Numerical scales where exact differences between values are known.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mean

The average value, commonly used measure of central tendency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

True Zero

A point on a scale where the quantity measured has no existence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ratio Scale

Incorporates properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales, with a true zero.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Numerical Variables

Variables that cannot be quantified but can be ranked, like happiness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Tendency

The statistical measures that describe the center of a data set.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Observation

Using senses to gather information about surroundings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research Methodology

Systematic approach to conducting research and solving problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research Instruments

Tools used to collect data in a research study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Gathering Procedure

The methodical process of collecting information for analysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Validity

The accuracy of a measurement or instrument in research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reliability

The consistency of a measurement across different instances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Statistical Tests

Methods used to analyze data quantitatively in research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Analysis Procedure

The steps taken to process and interpret collected data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cronbach’s Alpha

A measure of internal consistency reliability for a set of scale or test items.

Signup and view all the flashcards

KR20

Kuder-Richardson Formula 20; a specific measure of reliability for dichotomous data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Tabulation

The process of organizing and summarizing data into tables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Processing

The manipulation of data using software to analyze and interpret results.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Result Analysis

Interpreting and explaining the quantitative data obtained from the research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conclusion

A summary of the key insights and implications drawn from the study findings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recommendations

Practical suggestions based on findings for future research improvements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Summary of Findings

Brief restatement of major findings related to research questions or objectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Research Methodology

  • Research is a systematic investigation of hypothetical propositions about presumed relations among natural phenomena.
  • Research involves controlled, empirical, and critical investigation.

Parts of a Research Study

  • Chapter 1: Introduction
    • Background of the Study: Establishes the research gap and the context.
    • Statement of the Problem: Outlines specific problems to be addressed.
    • Hypothesis: Proposed explanations or predictions. (Null and alternative)
    • Definition of Terms: Clear definitions of key terms used in the study.
    • Significance of the Study: Describes the value and impact of the research.
    • Scope and Delimitation: Boundaries of the study and what is excluded.
  • Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
    • Variables: Identifies and examines key variables.
    • Synthesis: Combines information from various sources.
    • Conceptual Framework: Shows the relationships between variables.
  • Chapter 3: Methodology
    • Research Design: The overall plan of the study.
    • Procedural Flow: Detailed steps of the data collection process.
    • Data Gathering Methods: Explains how data was collected (e.g., surveys, interviews).
    • Data Analysis: Describes how data was analyzed.
  • Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
  • Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Research Types

  • Quantitative Research: Systematic investigation of observable phenomena using quantifiable data (numbers).

    • Survey Research: Uses questionnaires, surveys, or polls to gather data from a sample of respondents.
    • Descriptive Research: Observes and reports events or characteristics of a group without any intervention.
    • Correlational Research: Explores connections between variables, noting the direction and strength of their relationship. It does NOT mean cause-and-effect.
    • Ex-Post Facto/ Causal-Comparative research: Research that determines causes of phenomena that have already occurred, it is identifying a pre-existing condition or characteristic/variable (e.g., age, gender) and how it affects another variable.

  • Qualitative Research: Explores in-depth understanding of real-world problems.

    • Observation: Gathering data through senses.
    • Survey: Obtaining information through questionnaires.
    • Interview: Oral questioning to collect insights.
    • Experiment: Manipulating treatment or conditions to explore effects on subjects.

Research Instruments

  • Instruments: Tools for collecting data.
  • Data Gathering/Collection: explains how data were gathered.
  • Validity: Is the measure measuring what you intend it to measure?; use of panel of experts.
  • Reliability: Consistency in measurement.

Statistical Tools

  • Parametric: Used when data is normally distributed (e.g., T-tests, ANOVA).
  • Non-parametric: Used when data is not normally distributed (e.g., Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test).

Variables

  • Independent Variable: Stimulus; affects dependent variable.
  • Dependent Variable: Response; being observed for changes.
  • Levels of Measurement: Categorization of variables; nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.

Hypothesis

  • Hypothesis: Statement or assertion about people, events, objects. Includes (Null) and/or (Alternative) hypotheses.

  • Hypothesis Testing: Using data to either accept or reject a hypothesis.

Summary, Recommendations, and Procedure

  • Summary: A brief restatement of the major findings.
  • Recommendations: Practical suggestions for future research.
  • Procedure: Instructions on how to conduct the study.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

3rd Quarter Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion - Chapter 1 & 2 PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser