3rd Quarter Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion - Chapter 1 & 2 PDF

3rd Quarter — INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION & IMMERSION : CHAPTER 1 AND 2 LESSON 01 ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭ Research : a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed rel...

3rd Quarter — INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION & IMMERSION : CHAPTER 1 AND 2 LESSON 01 ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭ Research : a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Kerlinger,1973). I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY PARTS OF A RESEARCH state the background of the study A. Chapter 1 : Introduction establish the research gap 1. Background of the Study ○ explain the current state of the field 2. Statement of the Problem ○ explain the reasons or justifications for conducting 3. Hypothesis the study 4. Definition of Terms ○ explain the research gap 5. Significance of the Study ○ state that your research addresses the gap 6. Scope and Delimitation II. RESEARCH QUESTIONS B. Chapter 2 : Review of the Related Literature 1. Variable 1 general research question 2. Variable 2 specific research questions 3. Variable 3 ○ specific problem 1 4. Synthesis ○ specific problem 2 5. Conceptual Framework ○ specific problem 3 → question form for problem C. Chapter 3 : Methodology → declarative form for objective 1. Research Design 2. Procedural Flow III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 3. Data Gathering Method 4. Data Analysis The following hypotheses were formulated to guide this study: Ho - state your null hypothesis D. Chapter 4 : Results and Discussion Ha - state your alternative hypothesis E. Chapter 5 : Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ──────── CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION ──────── The findings of this research will prove useful to the following In writing the introduction, you need to consider the following: entities: Beneficiary 1. Explain how beneficiary 1 will benefit from A. Using the given outline and guidelines, write your the results of the research. introduction Beneficiary 2. Explain how beneficiary 2 will benefit from → make sure that you accurately paraphrase, summarize, or the results of the research. directly quote the information you have taken from your Beneficiary 2. Explain how beneficiary 2 will benefit from sources. the results of the research. → these sources should be cited properly. B. Get additional reference materials that you might need in V. DEFINITION OF TERMS writing your paper. The following important terms used in the study were defined: → be sure that your references are taken from reliable conceptually — definition of the term was taken from books sources. and dictionaries operationally — definition of the term is based on how it is C. Add a reference list at the end of the document used in the study. → use the required documentation style (APA format) → APA : American Psychological Association VI. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY D. Write your own work on short bond paper using the This research attempts to (state your general problem). following format: Primarily the focus of this research is on (state the scope or → double - spaced coverage of the research). (Explain why the study is delimited in that → font: Times New Roman way). → one inch margin (top, bottom, right side) → one and one-half inch margin (left side) It should be noted that the present study did not cover → font size: 12 (state the areas that were not covered by the research). (Explain why the study excluded those areas). rai — 01  ──── CHAPTER 2 — LITERATURE REVIEW ───── ADDITIONAL INFORMATION An academic text that provides an overview of a particular topic and QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ────────────── it helps identify what is known and not known about a certain subject of study. a systematic or step by step investigation of observable phenomena by gathering quantifiable data (numbers) and In writing the Review of Related Literature, please observe the performing statistical, mathematical or computational following guidelines. techniques. results are in the form of numbers which were gathered 1. Brainstorm on the concepts and studies that you will from selected respondents through online surveys, online include in your literature review. polls, questionnaires, etc. 2. Define the key terms that you will incorporate into your work. State how your research hypothesis and your paper QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ────────────── in general relate to the literature review. a type of research that explores and provides deeper 3. Search for additional reference materials that you may insights into real-world problems. need for writing your paper. Make sure that these used to understand people's beliefs, experiences, references are reliable. attitudes, behavior, and interactions. 4. Add a reference list at the end of the document using the generates non-numerical data required documentation style (APA format). 5. Write your work on short bond paper using the appropriate RESEARCH DESIGN format (font, font size, margin, etc.) research design : overall strategy a researcher uses to logically and coherently integrate the various components I. INTRODUCTION FOR LITERATURE REVIEW of a study” (Barrot, 2017). state the purpose of writing the literature review → help clarify methods or techniques in finding answers to indicate the scope or coverage of the review your research questions and in collecting data (Baraceros, present the organization of the review's content. 2017). II. CONCEPT 1 I. SURVEY RESEARCH definition most fundamental research tool used to ask questions to a description sample of respondents, using various types such as online → types, functions, importance, features, effects and/or polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept causes, advantages and/or disadvantages if applicable) surveys, etc. → Note: the same format for Concepts 2, 3, etc.) II. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH III. RELATED STUDIES most common design that observes and reports certain → Study 1 phenomena or shows a picture of a group. General and specific objectives of Study 1 has no treatment/intervention (no manipulation happened) Research design, participants, and instruments used (Barrot, 2017). Major findings related to your paper used to determine the extent or direction of attitudes or Conclusions related to your paper behaviors Weaknesses that were of Study 1 that were addressed by gathers more information on certain characteristics within a Study 1 particular field of study (Note: the same format for Studies 2, 3, etc.) use of rating scales and other means to measure the variables as they occur IV. SYNTHESIS III. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Reinforcement of research gap after reviewing the available literature seeks for connection between one variable and how it Statement that your study attempts to address the affects another variable but not a “cause-and-effect” identified research gap relationship which means no manipulation of variables Relationship of literature review with specific objectives or (Barrot, 2017). research questions of your study used to investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships among variables in a particular population. V. CONCEPTUAL and / or THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IV. EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH Presentation of diagram / any appropriate graphical aid Explanation of the conceptual and theoretical framework also known as Causal-Comparative Research infer causes of a phenomenon which have already occurred. rai — 02  no manipulation of variables and groups exposed to the PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TOOLS ───────────── presumed cause are compared to those who are not. ex: a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem 1. T-test for Independent samples (Unpaired T-test) levels in adults. So the participants would be separated into differing ⤷ Situation: You have two independent groups, and your data groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight) and their self- esteem is normally distributed. levels measured. This is an ex post facto because a pre-existing ⤷ Example : Comparing the mean scores of 2 groups of characteristic (weight) was used to form the groups. employees to see if there is a significant difference in their productivity. V. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH establish a cause-and-effect relationships 2. T-test for Dependent samples (Paired T-test) uses intact groups or already existing groups; respondents ⤷ Situation: You have paired observations, and you want to are not randomly assigned. determine if there is a significant difference between the may or may not have a control group or subjects and means of 2 related groups. subjects are not randomly assigned to groups (Baraceros, ⤷ Example : Assessing if there is a significant change in 2017) weight before and after a diet program in the same group of individuals. VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 3. One-Way ANOVA aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships and ⤷ Situation: You have 3 or more independent groups, and the randomly assign individual participants or subjects to the data is normally distributed treatment and control groups. ⤷ Example : Analyzing the average scores of students from NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICAL TOOLS ─────────── different teaching methods (more than 2 groups) to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in 1. Mann-Whitney U Test performance. ⤷ Situation: You have two independent groups, and your data does not meet the assumptions of normality required for a 4. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s R) T-test ⤷ Situation: You want to measure the linear relationship ⤷ used to compare outcomes between two independent between 2 continuous variables and the data is normally groups distributed. ⤷ Example: You want to compare the test scores of students ⤷ Example : Investigating the correlation between the who used two different teaching methods to prepare for an number of hours spent exercising per week and exam. cardiovascular fitness level in a group of individuals. 2. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Parametric Non-parametric ⤷ Situation: You have paired data, and you want to determine if there is a significant difference between two related → greater than 30 respondents → 30 and below respondents groups. → random sampling → non-random sampling ⤷ Example : You are investigating the effectiveness of a new → normally distributed drug by comparing the blood pressure levels of patients before and after the treatment 3. Kruskal-Wallis Test ⤷ Situation: You have 3 or more independent groups, and the assumptions for one-way ANOVA are not met. ⤷ Example : You want to assess if there is a significant difference in pain relief among 3 different pain medications. → In t-test, will calculate a significance level (p-value), which is the probability of your sample group means being 4. Spearman’s Rank Correlation at least as different as you found in your study, given that ⤷ Situation: You want to examine the strength and direction the null hypothesis is indeed true. of the relationship between two variables, but the data is not normally distributed. ⤷ Example : Investigating the correlation between the amount of time spent in studying and exam scores when the data points are ranks rather than actual times. rai — 03 VARIABLES CLASSIFICATION ─────────── TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES ─────────── 1. Discrete variables – can be counted; denoted by positive 1. Independent Variable — this is the stimulus variable whole numbers and not described in ranges. which is chosen by the researcher to determine the → ex.: frequency of behavior and group sizes; relationship to an observed phenomenon. number of children in the family; number of → variable consider to affect the dependent variable absences in the workplace; number of tardiness in (cause). the class. 2. Dependent Variable — this is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect of the 2. Continuous variables – measured in ranges; can be independent variable. denoted by non-whole numbers; can have positive or → variable examined for changes (effect). negative values; can be expressed in fractions. a. Interval variables — the difference between two LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT ─────────── points on a scale is the same. Can have a negative value. 1. Nominal Scale – denotes qualitative attributes of the → ex. Test scores in range, temperature in variables; there are no numbers associated with these Fahrenheit variables because they are categories or classification. → ex. Religion, favorite movie, and brand of shirt b. Ratio variables — are a special type of continuous 2. Ordinal Scale - refers to the order or rank of a variable; can’t have a negative value. Zero means measurement. It is best used when measuring none of that variable. non-numerical concepts like happiness or satisfaction. → ex.: age, height, weight, distance, and test → however, ordinal scales are limited in the sense scores. that the difference between each measurement cannot be quantified. 2 CATEGORIES OF STATISTICS ─────────── → ex. size of shirt and level of depression 1. Descriptive Statistics — methods of organizing, 3. Interval Scale - are numerical scales in which the exact summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way difference between two values is known. It is often used to e.g. via various charts, tables, and infographics. account for the differences between each value. → researchers oftentimes construct or devise equal-interval scales of measurement for opinions → Measures of Location and attitudes. (describes the central tendency of the data) → his is done so that data obtained from equal – a. Mean - the average value, is the most commonly used interval scales can be subjected to statistical measure of central tendency procedures such as calculating means and ○ the measure is used to estimate the unknown population standard deviations. mean when the data have been collected using an interval → ex. Test scores in and age in range, temperature or ratio scale 4. Ratio Scale - has the properties of nominal, ordinal, and ○ the data should display some central tendency, with most interval scales. of the responses distributed around the mean → it also possesses a true zero scale. A true zero is b. Mode - is the value that occurs most frequently the point where none of the qualities being ○ represents the highest peak of the distribution measured exists. ○ a good measure of location when the variable is inherently → ratio scales — can be meaningfully added, categorical or has otherwise subtracted, multiplied, and divided. → a wide array of statistical procedures can be c. Median - is the middle value when the data are arranged in applied to ratio data such as the calculation of ascending or descending order mean, median, and standard. ○ if the number of data points is even, the median is usually → ex. height, weight, distance, duration estimated as the midpoint between the two middle values by adding the two middle values and dividing their sum by → Measures of Variability (calculated on interval or ratio data) a. Range - measures the spread of the data; simply the difference between largest and smallest values in the sample rai — 04  b. Variance - difference between the mean and an observed ⤷ example: watching patients lining up at a medical clinic, value is called the deviation from the mean; the mean instead of centering your eyes on the looks of the people, squared deviation from the mean. you focus your attention on the number, weight, and height of every patient standing up at the door of the medical c. Standard Deviation - square root of the variance. It‟s also clinic. a measure of how spread the values are d. Coefficient of Variation - is the ratio of the standard 2. Survey deviation to the mean expressed as percentage, and it is a ⤷ a data-gathering technique that makes you obtain facts or unitless measure of relative variability. information about the subject or object of your research through the data gathering instruments of interview and 2. Inferential Statistics — methods used to estimate a questionnaire. ⤷ this is the most popular data-gathering technique in property of a population on the basis of a sample e.g. quantitative and qualitative researcher studies for the T-Test, Z-Test, ANOVA, Regression Analysis, Factor researchers are free to use not just one survey instrument Analysis, Cluster Analysis. but also these two following data-gathering instruments. TYPES OF ESTIMATES: a. Questionnaire Point Estimate — one single number only ⤷ is a paper containing series of questions formulated for an Interval Estimate — an interval containing a range of individual and independent answering by several numbers (called Confidence Interval) respondents for obtaining statistical information. ⤷ each question offers a number of probable answers from HYPOTHESIS which the respondents, on the basis or their own judgment, will choose the best answer. Hypothesis : a statement that something is true ; a ⤷ making up a questionnaire are factual and opinionated tentative, a claim or an assertion about people, objects, or questions. events. EXAMPLES: b. Interview 1. There is no significant relationship between the ⤷ survey as a data-gathering technique likewise uses mathematics attitude and the competency levels of second interview as its data-gathering instrument. year accountancy students of the University of the ⤷ similar to a questionnaire, interview makes you ask a set of Philippines- Visayas. questions, only that, this time, you do it orally. 2. The percentage of shoppers who buy their favorite ⤷ some, however, say that with the advent of modern shampoo regardless of price is not 25%. technology, oral interview is already a traditional way of interviewing, and the modern ways happen through the use HYPOTHESIS TESTING of modern electronic devices such as mobile phones, telephones, smart phones, and other wireless devices. a procedure in making decisions based on a sample evidence or probability theory used to determine whether 3. Experiment the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. ⤷ a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the if the statement is found reasonable then, the hypothesis is subjects a sort of treatment or condition then evaluate the accepted, otherwise it is rejected. results to find out the manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover the reasons behind HYPOTHESIS TESTING PROCEDURE: the effects of such treatment on the subjects. 1. Formulate the null and the alternative hypothesis. 2. Decide the level of significance, α. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 3. Choose appropriate test statistics. involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis 4. Establish the critical Region./ Compute the value of the of documents containing information related to the Statistical test. research problem. 5. Make a decision. includes criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 1. Observation — lesson 01 — ⤷ using your sense organs, you gather facts or information about people, things, places, events, and so on, by watching and listening to them; then, record the results of the functioning of your eyes and ears. ⤷ expressing these sensory experiences to quantitative data, you record them with the use of numbers. rai — 05  3rd Quarter — INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION & IMMERSION : CHAPTER 3 - 5 LESSON 02 ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY C. Research Instruments a systematic way to solve a problem; a science of studying a. Identify the type of instrument/s appropriate to use how research is to be carried out. in the study. procedures by which researchers go about their work of b. State the Composition of the Instrument describing, explaining and predicting phenomena (Categories based on TOS). the study of methods by which knowledge is gained, aims c. Explain the Measurement for Validity. to give the work plan of research. d. State the Reliability results for Pilot Test explains the procedure in collecting and analyzing data and (Cronbach’s Alpha) also describes the sources of data D. Data Gathering Procedure I. CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING THE METHODOLOGY a. Explain the procedure on how data were gathered (Flow Chart). 1. Use the given outline and guidelines, accurately b. State the Duration of gathering the data. paraphrase, summarize, or directly quote the information you have taken from your sources. These sources should E. Data Analysis Procedure be cited properly. a. Explain on how the data will be processed. 2. Be sure that your references are taken from reliable b. Identify Statistical tests for Descriptive and sources. Inferential Statistics. c. Explain each statistical test use in the study. 3. The methodology section should generally be written in the past tense. 4. The methodology chapter explains what you did and how III. PROCEDURAL FLOW you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research. It should include: 1. Communication a. The type of research you did Formulate a formal letter, duly signed by the research teacher, b. How you collected your data asking permission to the Principal, to conduct the study c. How you analyzed your data d. Any tools or materials you used in the research ⬇ e. Your rationale for choosing these methods 2. Making the Instruments 5. Write your work on short bond paper using the following Be clear, specific and direct, treat questions like a format: conversation, avoid bias and loaded words. a. Spacing : double-spaced b. Font - Times New Roman c. Font size - 12. ⬇ d. Margin- one-inch margin (top, bottom, right side), 3. Validation one and one-half inch margin (left side) Establish face validity using panel of experts which explore theoretical construct. II. PARTS OF A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ⬇ A. Research Design a. Describe the Research Design of the study 4. Pilot Test b. Explain the type of research design of your study. The rehearsal to test in a small number of respondents before the conduct of the main study. B. Respondents of the Study a. Specify the target Population. ⬇ b. Describe the nature of respondents. c. Explain the Sampling Technique use to select the 5. Reliability Analysis Scale use to test the internal consistency of the construct of respondents of the study. the measure of the Questions. Cronbach’s Alpha, KR20, etc. d. Include table of the distribution of respondents (frequencies & percentages). ⬇ rai — 06  6. Final Testing The final conduct of the study after the reliability has been VI. SUMMARY tested to be at least acceptable. briefly restates the major findings that correspond to each of the research questions or objectives. ⬇ each research question or objective should be accompanied by its own summary of findings and must be 7. Tabulation of Data written in only one or two sentences The data will be counted, encoded and interpreted after it was gathered from the respondents. The gathered data were encrypted using Microsoft Excel and computed and processed VII. RECOMMENDATIONS through the SPSS. serves as the practical suggestions for future research in similar fields. ⬇ are envisioned to further improve pertinent variables of the investigation undertaken (Cristobal, 2017). 8. Data Processing Using a software to analyze the data (Excel, SPSS, R, etc.) ⬇ — third quarter — 9. Result Analysis IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION presents the quantitative data gathered with the corresponding interpretation and analysis will show the details that will provide a support for the results of the study V. CONCLUSION it contains insights drawn from the findings per sub-problem. discusses the generalizations, deductions and inferences that can be obtained from the findings. summarizes the principal features of the study (Cristobal, 2017). this section gives a lasting impression about the paper. is composed of four subsections: ⤷ summary of findings ⤷ conclusion drawn ⤷ limitations of the study ⤷ useful recommendations 1. Practical implications — relate to the issues in real-life contexts that can be addressed through the findings. 2. Theoretical implications — relate to the issues concerning the support, refutation, and supplementation of existing models and concepts in your field of study. 3. Methodological implications — relate to the issues concerning materials and processes in research. rai — 07