States of Matter and Chemical Properties

States of Matter

• Solid: particles are closely packed and have a fixed shape and volume
• Liquid: particles are close together but can move past each other, takes the shape of its container
• Gas: particles are widely spaced and can move freely, expands to fill its container
• Plasma: high-energy state where atoms are ionized, found in stars and lightning

Chemical Properties

• Reactivity: ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions
• Flammability: ability of a substance to catch fire
• Toxicity: ability of a substance to cause harm or poison
• pH: measure of acidity or basicity

Molecular Structure

• Atomic model: protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom
• Molecular model: atoms bonded together to form a molecule
• Bonding: covalent (sharing electrons), ionic (transferring electrons), or metallic (sea of electrons)
• Molecular shape: linear, bent, trigonal planar, etc.

Physical Properties

• Color: appearance of a substance
• Odor: smell of a substance
• Texture: feel of a substance
• Density: mass per unit volume
• Melting and boiling points: temperatures at which a substance changes state

Phase Changes

• Melting: solid to liquid (absorbs heat)
• Freezing: liquid to solid (releases heat)
• Vaporization: liquid to gas (absorbs heat)
• Condensation: gas to liquid (releases heat)
• Sublimation: solid to gas (absorbs heat)
• Deposition: gas to solid (releases heat)

Note: These study notes provide a concise overview of the key concepts related to matter, covering states of matter, chemical properties, molecular structure, physical properties, and phase changes.

States of Matter

• Particles in a solid are closely packed, giving it a fixed shape and volume
• Liquids have particles close together but able to move past each other, taking the shape of their container
• Gases have widely spaced particles that can move freely, expanding to fill their container
• Plasma is a high-energy state where atoms are ionized, found in stars and lightning

Chemical Properties

• Reactivity is the ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions
• Flammability is the ability of a substance to catch fire
• Toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harm or poison
• pH is a measure of acidity or basicity, with a pH of 7 being neutral

Molecular Structure

• Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Molecules form when atoms bond together
• Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, ionic bonds involve transferring electrons, and metallic bonds involve a sea of electrons
• Molecular shape can be linear, bent, trigonal planar, or other shapes

Physical Properties

• Color is the appearance of a substance
• Odor is the smell of a substance
• Texture is the feel of a substance
• Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance
• Melting and boiling points are the temperatures at which a substance changes state

Phase Changes

• Melting occurs when a solid becomes a liquid, absorbing heat
• Freezing occurs when a liquid becomes a solid, releasing heat
• Vaporization occurs when a liquid becomes a gas, absorbing heat
• Condensation occurs when a gas becomes a liquid, releasing heat
• Sublimation occurs when a solid becomes a gas, absorbing heat
• Deposition occurs when a gas becomes a solid, releasing heat