Pharmacy Program: States of Matter (Lecture 6)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following pairs of liquids are completely immiscible?

Phenol and water

Water and ether

Water and benzene (correct)

Water and alcohol

What happens when equal volumes of two partially miscible liquids, such as phenol and water, are mixed?

They completely mix to form a single layer.

They react and produce a gas.

They form two layers. (correct)

Only one liquid dissolves completely.

What best describes a substance in chemistry?

A mixture of different materials

A combination of solids and liquids

Matter with uniform and definite composition (correct)

Any physical property of a material

Which of the following is not a physical property of a substance?

Reactivity with acid Signup and view all the answers

In which case would the degree of miscibility increase with temperature?

Phenol-Water system Signup and view all the answers

How do liquids behave in terms of shape and volume?

They take the shape of their container and have a constant volume Signup and view all the answers

What describes the graphical representation of the temperature versus composition relationship in miscible systems?

Phase diagrams Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of adding excess phenol to a solution of phenol in water?

Formation of a saturated solution Signup and view all the answers

Which state of matter is characterized by particles that are spaced far apart and easily compressed?

Gas Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two states of matter that is commonly not taught in high school physics?

Bose-Einstein Condensate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a saturated solution?

Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the component present in a smaller amount in a solution?

Solute Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for solids?

Are incompressible and have a definite shape Signup and view all the answers

When comparing solids, liquids, and gases, which statement is accurate?

Gases occupy the volume of their container Signup and view all the answers

How can you describe a solution that contains less solute than it can dissolve?

Unsaturated solution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is observed without changing the substance’s composition?

Melting point Signup and view all the answers

A solution with a concentration of 1 mole of solute in 1 liter of solution is referred to as what?

Molarity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions involves a liquid solute in a solid solvent?

Dental amalgam filling Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the density of a solution and its mass and volume?

Density = Mass / Volume Signup and view all the answers

Electrolytes in solutions are characterized by what key feature?

They dissociate into ions when dissolved. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT suitable for calculating the concentration of a solution?

Title of substance Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating mass per volume percent (% W/V)?

Mass of solute / Total volume of solution x 100 Signup and view all the answers

What does the sum of mole fractions in a solution equal?

One Signup and view all the answers

How is molarity (M) defined?

No. of moles of solute per liter of solution Signup and view all the answers

What is normality (N) primarily concerned with?

Gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution Signup and view all the answers

What principle describes the total pressure in a mixture of non-reacting gases?

Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures Signup and view all the answers

What does molality (m) measure?

Moles of solute per kg of solvent Signup and view all the answers

In gaseous solutions, what happens when gases do not chemically react?

They form a completely homogeneous solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit for molarity (M)?

Mol/liter or M Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Field of Pharmacy Sciences

Bachelor of Pharmacy-PharmD (Clinical Pharmacy) Program
Pharmaceutical Inorganic & Physical Chemistry (PMC101)
Lecture 6: States of Matter and Solutions
Instructor: Dr. Amir Shaaban Farag
Date: Nov/20/2024

States of Matter

A substance has a uniform and definite composition
Substances contain only one kind of matter
All samples of a substance have the same physical properties

Physical Properties

Observable or measurable without changing composition
Examples: color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point
Help chemists identify substances based on characteristics

States of Matter: Properties

Property	Solid	Liquid	Gas/Vapor
Shape	Definite	Indefinite	Indefinite
Volume	Definite	Definite	Indefinite
Expansion on heating	Very slight	Moderate	Great
Compressibility	Almost incompressible	Almost incompressible	Readily compressible

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Solids*
Definite shape and volume
Shape independent of container
Particles tightly packed, almost incompressible
Expand slightly when heated
Liquids*
Take the shape of their container (flow)
Particles closely packed, but not rigidly
Volume constant, regardless of shape
Almost incompressible, tend to expand when heated
Gases*
Take the shape and form of their container (flowable)
Particles spaced far apart
Expand without limit to fill any space
Easily compressed

Some Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Property	Gas	Liquid	Solid
Shape	Assumes container	Assumes container	Definite
Volume	Indefinite	Definite	Definite
Compressibility	High	Low	Low
Flow	Flows easily	Flows easily	Does not flow
Particle movement	Particles move past each other	Particles can move but also slide past each other	Particles are in fixed positions

Phase Changes

Processes where matter transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states.
Melting, Freezing, Vaporization, Condensation, Sublimation, Deposition
Diagram showing phase changes and phase diagrams
Critical point
Triple point

Solutions

Mixtures of two or more chemically non-reactive substances
Most chemical reactions occur in solutions
Body fluids (like blood) are solutions
Homogenous or heterogenous
- Homogenous - solute is uniformly distributed throughout solvent
- Heterogenous- varies depending on size of particles

Classifying Solutions

Physical state: Based on the physical states of the solute and solvent (e.g., gas in a gas, liquid in liquid)
Unsaturated/Saturated/Supersaturated: (based on the ability of the solvent to dissolve more solute)
Concentration (dilute/concentrated): based on the ratio of solute to solvent
Miscible/Immiscible: Liquids that mix completely (miscible), or do not mix (immiscible)
Electrolyte/Nonelectrolyte: based on whether the solution conducts electricity (electrolyte) or not (nonelectrolyte)

Types of Solutions (1-Physical state)

Solutions are classified by the original state of the solute and the solvent (gas, liquid, or solid)
Several examples given in the slide

(2- Degree of saturation)

Unsaturated: Contains less solute than its capacity to dissolve
Saturated: Contains maximum solute at a specific temperature
Supersaturated: Contains more solute than a saturated solution

(3-Concentration)

Concentrated: High ratio of solute to solvent(e.g.,maple syrup, high salt solution)
Dilute: Low ratio of solute to solvent (e.g., a few sugar crystals in water)

(4-MISCIBILITY)

Miscible: liquids which are soluble in each other (e.g. ethanol and water)
Immiscible: liquids which are not soluble in each other (e.g. oil and water)

(5-Electrolytes and non electrolytes)

Electrolytes: dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity
Nonelectrolytes: dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity
Examples of strong, weak, and non-electrolytes are given in the lecture

Different Units for Expressing Concentrations of Solutions

Percent by weight
Percent by volume
Mass per volume percent
Mole fraction
Molarity
Molality
Normality
equations for percent by weight, percent by volume

Solutions of Gases in Gases

Completely homogenous (miscible).
No chemical reaction between components.
Dalton's partial pressure law applies, where total pressure equals sum of partial pressures of the individual gases.

Solutions of Liquids in Liquids

Completely miscible: liquids which are soluble in each other at all proportions. Ex: alcohol and water.
Partially miscible: liquids which are soluble in each other, but only up to a limited concentration. Ex: water and ether
Completely immiscible: liquids which are insoluble in each other. Ex: water and benzene
Relationship between properties of liquids and miscibility

Effect of Temperature on Miscibility

Some systems show increased miscibility with rising temp
Some systems show decreased miscibility with rising temp
Some systems have upper and lower consolute temperatures.
Effects are shown using phase diagrams (graphs of Temperature vs Composition at constant pressure).

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Description

This quiz focuses on the states of matter and solutions as part of the Pharmaceutical Inorganic & Physical Chemistry course. It covers key physical properties of substances, including their characteristics and how they help in identifying different types of matter. Ideal for students in the Bachelor of Pharmacy-PharmD program.