Cell & Molecular Exam 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of catabolism in metabolism?

  • Build macromolecules
  • Production of ATP in mitochondria
  • Break down of complex molecules and release energy (correct)
  • Oxidation of Acetyl CoA

    • Which molecules are produced in the cytosol during the breakdown of simple subunits?

  • Amino Acids and Proteins
  • Fatty Acids and Lipids
  • Glucose and Starch
  • Acetyl CoA, ATP, and NADH (correct)

    • In metabolism, what is the role of NADH as a molecule?

  • Building macromolecules in anabolism
  • Energy carrier in glycolysis (correct)
  • Oxidizing Acetyl CoA
  • Transporting glucose into cells

    • Which of the following statements is true about glycolysis?

    <p>Regulated by the availability of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of fermentation of pyruvate?

    <p>Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is the precursor for the production of ATP in glycolysis?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH in glycolysis?

    <p>Donates electrons and becomes oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Activation of feedback inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the fermentation of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the energy output of metabolic pathways?

    <p>Some metabolic pathways generate more ATP than others due to differences in efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the precursors to ATP and to NADH?

    <p>ADP and NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is NADH a reduced or oxidized molecule?

    <p>Reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the NADH going to be used?

    <p>As a high-energy carrier of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gluconeogenesis involve?

    <p>Synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the energy output of glycolysis?

    <p>Glycolysis nets 2 ATP and 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>It is converted to lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the regeneration of NAD important in glycolysis?

    <p>To continue glycolysis in the absence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the increased gluconeogenesis in the livers of rats with incapacitated hind limbs?

    <p>Muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not involved in gluconeogenesis according to the text?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result if hind-limb mobility is restored in rats regarding gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis will decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers observe synthesis of essential enzymes in rats with incapacitated hind limbs?

    <p>Increased energy demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did researchers draw from the observation of increased gluconeogenesis in rats with muscle atrophy?

    <p>Significantly increased gluconeogenesis in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis occur?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Cleavage Phase in glycolysis?

    <p>To break down glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the Oxidation of Acetyl CoA and ATP Production in glycolysis?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell does the Breakdown of Simple Subunits into Acetyl CoA and ATP occur?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net outcome of the Energy Liberation Phase in glycolysis?

    <p>Generation of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between catabolism and anabolism in metabolism?

    <p>Catabolism releases energy, while anabolism requires an input of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a redox reaction, what does reduction of a molecule involve?

    <p>Gain of electrons by a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does controlled oxidation benefit a cell more than simple burning of a molecule?

    <p>Controlled oxidation allows for gradual release of energy and prevents damage to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a redox reaction, what often accompanies the pickup of an electron by a molecule?

    <p>Proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cellular respiration primarily aim to generate from the breakdown of organic molecules?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you differentiate between metabolism and cellular respiration?

    <p>Metabolism covers all chemical reactions in an organism, while cellular respiration specifically refers to ATP generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of Alcohol Fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in Lactic Acid Fermentation?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Dehydrogenase in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Removes hydrogen ions and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis generates ATP and NADH?

    <p>Energy Liberation Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Substrate Level Phosphorylation involve?

    <p>Transfer of a phosphate group directly to ADP from a substrate molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of pyruvate oxidation occur in a cell?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the NADH and FADH2 produced during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>They proceed to the electron transport chain (ETC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the 2CO2 released during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>It does not participate in any further metabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mitochondria invaginates into cristae?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Producing ATP from ADP using the energy gradient established during ETC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of biochemistry occur in relation to the mitochondria structure?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the citric acid cycle leads to the production of ATP directly?

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inner mitochondrial membrane's specific transporters?

    <p>e- transport components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is NOT produced during the pyruvate oxidation process?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the 3 NADH molecules produced during pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>Go to ETC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA occur during aerobic respiration?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme complex is responsible for converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule does acetyl CoA bind to when it enters the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule must be re-generated for the citric acid cycle to continue?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the products of pyruvate decarboxylation?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular organelle does the citric acid cycle take place?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule during the process of glycolysis and the TCA cycle combined?

    <p>6 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the redox pair NADH and NAD+?

    <p>NADH is oxidized to NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule below undergoes reduction during cellular respiration?

    <p>Oxygen (O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is FADH2 a reduced or oxidized molecule in the context of the electron transport chain?

    <p>Reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the redox potential of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) components as electrons move through the chain?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is a better electron donor in cellular respiration?

    <p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many high-energy electrons does FADH2 bring to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proton motive force is primarily a result of what during cellular respiration?

    <p><em>ATP synthesis</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochromes in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>Hold more tightly to electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately upon removal of oxygen?

    <p>Oxygen is needed for the regeneration of molecules crucial for the cycle to continue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would occur if the proton motive force in the electron transport chain were reversed?

    <p>ATP synthase would hydrolyze ATP instead of synthesizing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

    <p>Supply electrons to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers observe a cessation of the citric acid cycle upon removal of oxygen?

    <p>Oxygen is necessary for the synthesis of NAD+ and FAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in cellular respiration directly uses oxygen as a reactant?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if ATP synthase functions in reverse during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>ATP hydrolyzes into ADP releasing energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism moves ATP into the intermembrane space?

    <p>Active Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the absence of oxygen impact the synthesis of ATP in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Reduces the number of ATP molecules produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the electron transport chain located?

    <p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Accept and donate electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>Produce ATP from proton motive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

    <p>Electron donation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules shuttle electrons between Complex III and Complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Ubiquinone (Q); cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemiosmotic coupling in cellular respiration?

    <p>Driving ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the mitochondrion plays a key role in the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

    <p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which metabolic processes do high-energy electrons for ATP production primarily originate?

    <p>Citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of electrons donated by FADH2 for ATP production in cellular respiration?

    <p>Two electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before donating their electrons, are NADH and FADH oxidized or reduced?

    <p>Oxidized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component contains the proteins involved in the electron transport chain in a mitochondrion?

    <p>Intermembrane space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is ATP synthase located within the mitochondria?

    <p>Inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the F0 subunit within ATP synthase?

    <p>Proton translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the rotation of the rotor within ATP synthase?

    <p>Proton flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a redox pair in cellular metabolism?

    <p>An electron donor and acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does redox potential measure?

    <p>Electron donation tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protons contribute to ATP synthesis in mitochondria?

    <p>Creating a pH gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the protons moved to during photosynthesis?

    <p>Thylakoid lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the energy to move protons in the process of photosynthesis?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the energy of the proton motive force used in photosynthesis?

    <p>To drive ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for replacing the electrons that leave the reaction center of Photosystem II?

    <p>Photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During photosynthesis, where do the energized electrons leaving Photosystem II go next?

    <p>Cytochrome b6f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

    <p>Released as a byproduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle occur?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast?

    <p>e- transport components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the RuBisCO enzyme in photosynthesis?

    <p>Converts RuBP and CO2 to 3PGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cyclic photophosphorylation process in photosynthesis?

    <p>Only ATP production in photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when O2 is fixed instead of CO2 during photosynthesis?

    <p>Initiation of photorespiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In C4 plants, what is the purpose of separating steps into different locations using PEP and PEP carboxylase?

    <p>To reduce photorespiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energized electrons as they leave Photosystem I?

    <p>They are transferred to an electron carrier called ferredoxin (Fd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>To drive the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The Calvin cycle occurs in the thylakoid space.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced instead of 3-phosphoglycerate when O2 is fixed during photorespiration?

    <p>Phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the triosephosphates produced during photosynthesis?

    <p>Produce glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms have some plants evolved to avoid photorespiration?

    <p>C4 and CAM photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do all plant cells perform photosynthesis?

    <p>No, only some plant cells perform photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do all plant cells undergo cellular respiration?

    <p>Yes, all plant cells undergo cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Generate ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) take place in a chloroplast?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When chlorophyll absorbs light energy, what happens to its electrons?

    <p>They become excited and enter a higher energy state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast during photosynthesis?

    <p>Generate ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are photosystems located within the chloroplast?

    <p>Thylakoid membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy in photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order do Photosystem II and Photosystem I function in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Photosystem II before Photosystem I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a proton motive force generated by Photosystems II and I?

    <p>Drive ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the excited electrons in Photosystem II end up after passing through the electron transport chain?

    <p>Generating ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the electrons from Photosystem I after being used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH?

    <p>Form ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is oxygen generated by photosynthesis?

    <p>As a byproduct of the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the excited electrons that leave Photosystem II replaced?

    <p>By the splitting of water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

    <p>In the stroma of chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for the carbon fixation reaction?

    <p>Rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when Rubisco combines RuBP and O2?

    <p>Photorespiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of plants are C4 plants?

    <p>Plants with a specialized method of carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do C4 plants avoid photorespiration?

    <p>By separating initial CO2 capture from the Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sugars produced by carbon fixation?

    <p>Stored as starch for later use or utilized for energy by the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact would the genetic mutation eliminating cristae from the mitochondria have on the energy production of round worms?

    <p>Decrease energy production due to reduced surface area for reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would the lack of cristae in the mitochondria affect the overall size and function of mutated yeast cells?

    <p>Decrease size and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the citric acid cycle stop almost immediately upon removal of oxygen?

    <p>Oxygen is required for electron carrier production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was DNP used as a drug to help patients lose weight?

    <p>It uncouples electron flow from ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why would DNP as a weight loss drug be considered dangerous?

    <p>It disrupts normal metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lack of cristae in mitochondria impact the efficiency of cellular respiration?

    <p>Decreases efficiency by reducing surface area for reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does oxygen play in the electron carrier production related to the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Enables electron carriers to accept and donate electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

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