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Questions and Answers

The Accuracy of a Measurement System addresses _________________.

Stability, Bias & Linearity

Precision & Sensitivity

Repeatability & Reproducibility (correct)

Stability & Sensitivity

Which element of waste best describes the cost of a resource being in the queue?

Correction

Waiting (correct)

Motion

Inventory

Six Sigma refers to a process whose output has at least 80% of its data points within +/- 6 Standard Deviations from the Mean.

False

When a Belt applies the practice of Poka-Yoke to a project challenge she is attempting to make certain the activity is _______________.

Mistake proofed Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the largest observation and the smallest observation in the data set is known as the _______________.

Range Signup and view all the answers

The acronym for the defined approach taken by Lean Six Sigma to solve significant challenges related to a process is which of these?

DMAIC Signup and view all the answers

Which statement(s) are correct for the Regression Analysis shown here? (Note: There are 2 correct answers).

This Regression is an example of a Multiple Linear Regression. Signup and view all the answers

To create standardization of financial benefit calculations project savings are typically based on savings over what period of time?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

Lean focuses on the sequence of activities and work required to produce a product or a service. This flow is called a ___________________.

Value Stream Signup and view all the answers

The generation of a Regression Equation is justified when we _____________. (Note: There are 4 correct answers).

Experience several process defects and have no other way to fix them Signup and view all the answers

Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) can be classified as either Tangible (Visible) Costs or Hidden Costs.

True Signup and view all the answers

A Belt gathered the following defect data for a shoe production line and wanted to assemble it into a Pareto Chart. The correct order from left to right in the chart would be:

Stitching, Sealing, Cutting, Forming Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are correct if Cpk Upper is 2.0 and Cpk Lower is 1.0?

Cpk must be reported as 1.0. Signup and view all the answers

Lean Enterprise is based on the premise that anywhere work is being done which of these is also occurring?

Waste is being generated Signup and view all the answers

The higher the sigma level of a process the better the performance.

True Signup and view all the answers

A periodic time frame can be used to arrange for Control Limit and Center Line calculations with good SPC implementation in a process.

True Signup and view all the answers

To draw inferences about a sample population being studied by modeling patterns of data in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations is known as ____________________.

Inferential Statistics Signup and view all the answers

Nominal Scale data consists of names, labels or categories and cannot be arranged in any mathematical ordering scheme. Complex arithmetic functions cannot be easily applied to Nominal Data.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis Tests determine the probabilities of differences between observed data and the hypothesis being solely due to ________ based on the result of the P-values.

Chance Signup and view all the answers

Measurement System Analysis is a procedure used to quantify variation of the method or system used for taking measurements.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to a manager it takes an average weekday commute of 39 minutes with a Standard Deviation of 7 minutes for the employees to get to work when they use their personal vehicles for their office commute while management set a policy of not more than 40 minutes for their daily one-way commute. A survey conducted one day on 70 employees showed an average of 34 minutes commuting time using the metro public transportation system with a Standard Deviation of 21 minutes. For the employees choosing to increase their chances to come on time using personal transportation their variation should be reduced to ___________?

3.5 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) is best used when which of these are applicable? (Note: There are 3 correct answers).

We assume that the X’s are independent of each other Signup and view all the answers

As a type of measurement error, Linearity describes a change in accuracy through the expected operating range of the measurement instrument.

True Signup and view all the answers

Voice of the Customer is a Lean Six Sigma technique to determine __________________ attributes of a product or service.

Critical-to-Quality Signup and view all the answers

One of the metrics commonly used in Lean Six Sigma is DPU. This acronym stands for __________________.

Defects per unit Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to Control one of the most effective means of eliminating defects is to _________________.

Design defect prevention into the product Signup and view all the answers

As a type of measurement error, Linearity describes a change in accuracy through the expected operating range of the measurement instrument.

True Signup and view all the answers

In the late 1980’s William Smith coined the name Six Sigma for a methodology that had its origins at __________________ for quality related work being done there.

Motorola Signup and view all the answers

A primary benefit of using a Multi-Vari Chart is it provides a visual presentation of two-way interactions.

True Signup and view all the answers

A process can be defined as a repetitive and systematic series of steps or activities where inputs are modified or assembled to achieve a _______________ result.

Customer desired Signup and view all the answers

The ability to repeat the same measurement obtained with one measurement instrument used several times by one appraiser while measuring the identical characteristic on the same part is known as ____________.

Repeatability Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis Testing can save time and help avoid high costs of experimental efforts by using existing data.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is Discrete data?

Of the 42 people on the bus, 12 went into the station. Signup and view all the answers

The practice of utilizing Poka-Yoke is also known as ________________.

Mistake proofing Signup and view all the answers

The 80:20 rule is associated with which of these tools?

Pareto Chart Signup and view all the answers

Non-parametric testing is done when which of these are applicable?

They look at the Median rather than the Mean of populations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement(s) are true about the Fitted Line Plot shown here?

The predicted output Y is close to -18 when the Reactant level is set to 6. Signup and view all the answers

The Mann-Whitney Test is used to test if the Means for two samples are different.

False Signup and view all the answers

Process Capability is a function of which of these?

All of these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Significant variation in process performance is a consequence of several causes classified as which of these?

Special Signup and view all the answers

If the Standard Deviation is uncontrollable then the other option to increase the probability of coming in on time via personal vehicles to work could be _______________.

Reduce average commute time to work by departing earlier Signup and view all the answers

Which of these 5S’s is primarily driven by management?

Sustain Signup and view all the answers

It is a Type I error if we reject the Null Hypothesis when it is actually true.

True Signup and view all the answers

The data on SPC charts are typically constructed such that they have the most recent data point on the right-hand side.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lean had its origins in the development and practice of the ___________ Production System.

Toyota Signup and view all the answers

According to a manager it takes an average weekday commute of 39 minutes with a Standard Deviation of 7 minutes. A survey showed an average of 34 minutes commuting time using the metro public transportation system. Assuming a Normal Distribution for the commute times, which of these is true?

The probability that they would arrive on time using the MPTS is much higher than using their personal vehicles. Signup and view all the answers

A Stable process is a process whose output is consistent over time. A primary tool used to analyze Stability would be a ________________.

Time Series Plot Signup and view all the answers

In order to standardize project savings financial calculation such project benefits can be compared over what period of time?

12 months Signup and view all the answers

An employee of ACME Corporation noticed that every loan application that gets approved is copied four times and is stored in different locations in the company for no apparent reason. This would be an example of _________________.

Internal Failure Costs Signup and view all the answers

Customers make a purchase decision based on a number of factors. In Lean Six Sigma we refer to these decision points as CTQ’s which stands for __________.

Critical-to-quality Signup and view all the answers

Training cost is $4,000 and a project required an initial investment of $30,000. If the project yields monthly savings of $2,000 beginning after 3 months, what is the payback period in months (before money costs and taxes)?

20 Signup and view all the answers

According to the definition of Rolled Throughput Yield which of these items best describes the purpose of RTY?

Accounts for losses due to rework and scrap Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is Discrete data?

Of the 42 people on the bus, 12 went into the station. Signup and view all the answers

The X-Y Diagram is a tool used to identify/collate potential X's and assess their relative impact on multiple Y's.

True Signup and view all the answers

The proper functioning of a Visual Factory is dependent upon which of these?

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to test the significance for the analysis of a Variance Table?

F Test Signup and view all the answers

Nominal Scale data consists of names, labels or categories and cannot be arranged in any mathematical ordering scheme.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which element of waste best describes 'the unnecessary movement of materials and/or goods'?

Conveyance Signup and view all the answers

Voice of the Customer is a Lean Six Sigma technique to determine ____________________ attributes of a product or service.

Critical-to-Quality Signup and view all the answers

A Stable process is a process whose output is consistent over time. A primary tool used to analyze Stability would be a ________________.

Time Series Plot Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cycle Time, in minutes, for a process having a Throughput of 360 units per hour?

0.167 Signup and view all the answers

If the Standard Deviation is uncontrollable then the other option to increase the probability of coming in on time via personal vehicles to work could be ______________?

Reduce average commute time to work by departing earlier Signup and view all the answers

The Standard Deviation for the distribution of Means is called the ___________ and approaches zero as the sample size reaches 30.

Standard Error Signup and view all the answers

If a project requires an initial investment of $47,500 and yields monthly savings of $3,500 after 4 months, what is the payback period in months, before money costs and taxes?

23.7 Signup and view all the answers

The Mann-Whitney Test is used to test if the means for two samples are different.

False Signup and view all the answers

When two inputs have an impact on the output together yet seem to have no or little impact on their own, this is called a/an ______________.

Interaction Signup and view all the answers

Non-parametric testing is done when which of these are applicable? (Select all that apply)

A hypothesis test for the median of the population is in question. Signup and view all the answers

The use of Kanbans work best with pull systems for determining the timing of products or services produced.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the reported Cpk for a process with an average of 94 units, a spread of 22 units and upper and lower specification limits of 125 and 80 units?

1.27 Signup and view all the answers

Long-term data represents all the variation that one can expect within the subject process.

True Signup and view all the answers

Conducting a viable Capability Analysis using Attribute Data requires a fairly large sample set to be statistically sound.

True Signup and view all the answers

Some approaches used in Lean include which of the following?

Problems are made highly visible. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement(s) describe an undesirable situation when implementing SPC? (Select all that apply)

Indication of the specification limits on the control chart. Signup and view all the answers

For the data shown here, which statement(s) are true for proper Hypothesis Testing?

An appropriate test to test central tendency is the Mood’s Median test. Signup and view all the answers

According to a manager, it takes an average weekday commute of 39 minutes with a standard deviation of 7 minutes. For a survey conducted on 70 employees with an average of 34 minutes commuting time using public transportation with a standard deviation of 21 minutes, their variation should be reduced to ___________.

3.5 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about the 80:20 rule, associated with which of these tools?

Pareto Chart Signup and view all the answers

The Z score is a measure of the distance in standard deviations of a sample data point from the median of the sample population.

False Signup and view all the answers

Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) is best used when which of these are applicable? (Select all that apply)

We assume that the X’s are independent of each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following items best describe the purpose of Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY)?

Accounts for rejects and reworks. Signup and view all the answers

The essence of Lean is to concentrate effort on removing waste while improving process flow to achieve speed and agility at lower cost.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which statement(s) describe an undesirable situation when implementing SPC? (Select all that apply)

The control limits are wider than the customer specification limits. Signup and view all the answers

If the data displayed in a histogram shows two peaks, the distribution would likely be _____________.

Bimodal Signup and view all the answers

It is a Type II error if we decide to reject the Null Hypothesis when it is actually true.

False Signup and view all the answers

Bias in sampling is an error due to lack of independence among random samples or due to systematic sampling procedures.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Alpha level of a test (level of significance) represents the yardstick against which P-values are measured, and the null hypothesis is rejected if the P-value is which of these?

Less than the Alpha level. Signup and view all the answers

SPC charts typically have the most recent data point on the right-hand side.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lean Six Sigma’s general approach to solving significant challenges related to a process is called _______________?

DMAIC Signup and view all the answers

Lean focuses on the sequence of activities and work required to produce a product or a service. This flow is called a ___________________.

Value Stream Signup and view all the answers

The actual experimental response data varied from what was predicted due to inefficiency of estimates.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cycle Time, in seconds, for a process having a throughput of 7,200 units per hour?

0.5 Signup and view all the answers

Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) can be classified as Tangible (Visible) Costs and Hidden Costs.

True Signup and view all the answers

When looking at a distribution graph, the mean is defined as the __________.

Average based on the sample size Signup and view all the answers

This output is what type of advanced Capability Analysis?

Binomial Signup and view all the answers

A 1-Sample t-test is used when you want to compare the median of one distribution to a target value.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis Testing can help avoid high costs of experimental efforts by using existing data.

True Signup and view all the answers

The use of the ________ approach is the most classic arrangement when constructing a Fishbone Diagram.

6M Signup and view all the answers

A Lean Principle that addresses efficiency by the process worker is called ____________________?

Standardizing Signup and view all the answers

The Accuracy of a Measurement System addresses _________________.

Stability, Bias & Linearity Signup and view all the answers

__________ distributions occur when data comes from several sources that are supposed to be the same yet are not.

Skewed Signup and view all the answers

A Belt experienced an Alpha of .05 and a Beta of .10 and knew these are the most common risk levels when running a statistical test.

True Signup and view all the answers

When constructing a Fishbone Diagram using the ________ approach is the most classic arrangement.

6M Signup and view all the answers

One of the metrics commonly used in Lean Six Sigma is DPU. This acronym stands for __________________.

Defects per unit Signup and view all the answers

Which statement(s) are correct for the Regression Analysis shown here? (Select all that apply)

This Regression is an example of a Multiple Linear Regression. Signup and view all the answers

Lean Enterprise is based on the premise that anywhere work is being done which of these is also occurring?

Waste is being generated. Signup and view all the answers

Fractional Factorial designs for an experimental approach are used when ____________ about the multiple metric interaction in a process.

Little is known Signup and view all the answers

The 5 Why Analysis is only useful if the possible independent variable can be broken down into five possible causes.

False Signup and view all the answers

While management of a company must set the stage for all improvement efforts, which of these 5S’s is primarily driven by management?

Sustain Signup and view all the answers

The purpose of a Process Map is to identify the complexity of the process and to assist in identifying critical steps in the process.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Six Sigma methodology had its origins at __________________ in the late 1980’s when William Smith coined the name for quality-related work being done there.

Motorola Signup and view all the answers

Measurement error is defined as the effect of all sources of measurement variability that caused an observed or measured value to deviate from the __________.

Mean Signup and view all the answers

If a process has Outliers which pair of charts is most preferable if subgroups will exist for the continuous data?

Xbar-R Charts Signup and view all the answers

The Alpha level of a test (level of significance) represents the yardstick against which P-values are measured. The Null Hypothesis is rejected if the P-value is which of these?

Less than the Alpha level Signup and view all the answers

A Six Sigma tool that helps to screen factors by using graphical techniques to logically subgroup multiple discrete X's plotted against a continuous Y is known as a _____________ Chart.

Multi-Vari Signup and view all the answers

The Regression Model for an observed value of Y contains the term ?o which represents the Y axis intercept when X = 0.

True Signup and view all the answers

A Belt concludes a Lean Six Sigma project with the creation of a Control Plan. At what point can the Control Plan be closed?

Never, a Control Plan is a living document Signup and view all the answers

Select all the statements that are true after reviewing the Capability Analysis shown here. (Note: There are 4 correct answers)

Majority of the dimensional values are outside of the tolerance than within. Signup and view all the answers

To draw inferences about a sample population being studied by modeling patterns of data in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations is known as ____________________.

Inferential Statistics Signup and view all the answers

The Purchase Orders for Glenn Manufacturing Company were being copied by an employee and sent to four different departments yet only one department took an action based on the information in the PO. This is an example of _____________.

Internal Failure Costs Signup and view all the answers

Having an Alpha of .05 and a Beta of .10 are the most common risk levels when running a Statistical test.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is used to test the significance for the analysis of a Variance Table?

F Test Signup and view all the answers

Standardized work instructions apply to which resource in the process of interest?

People Signup and view all the answers

Which element of waste best describes 'the cost of an idle resource'?

Waiting Signup and view all the answers

SPC on the outputs is more preferred than SPC on the inputs when implementing SPC for your process.

False Signup and view all the answers

Kanbans work best with pull systems for determining the timing of which products or services are produced.

True Signup and view all the answers

The essence of Lean is to concentrate effort on removing waste while improving process flow to achieve speed and agility at lower cost.

True Signup and view all the answers

Skewed, or Mixed, Distributions occur when data comes from several sources that are supposed to be the same yet are not.

True Signup and view all the answers

The deviation of the measured value from the actual value is known as _____________.

Bias Signup and view all the answers

Examples of a Visual Factory include which of these? (Note: There are 2 correct answers)

Bad/Good indications of gauge readings with red and green outlines Signup and view all the answers

Contingency Tables are used to perform which of these functions?

Compare more than two sample proportions with each other Signup and view all the answers

Examples of Mistake Proofing for a laptop computer include which of these? (Note: There are 2 correct answers)

Battery alignment pins Signup and view all the answers

After a Belt has put data through the smoothing process which chart would be used to look for trends in the data?

Moving Average Chart Signup and view all the answers

With the use of statistics we define the population to be a large enough sample set of data such that you can analyze it and draw conclusions as to all of the data.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Regression Model for an observed value of Y contains the term ?o which represents the Y axis intercept when X = 0.

True Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis Tests determine the probabilities of differences between observed data and the hypothesis being solely due to chance.

True Signup and view all the answers

Lean removes many forms of so Six Sigma can focus on reducing _.

Waste, variability Signup and view all the answers

The Lean Principle action in the 5S approach that deals with having those items needed regularly at hand and those items less regularly stored out of the way is known as ___________.

Sorting Signup and view all the answers

A 1-Sample t-test is used to compare an expected population Mean to a target.

True Signup and view all the answers

Conducting a viable Capability Analysis using Attribute Data one must obtain a fairly large sample set to be statistically sound.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which element of waste best describes 'the unnecessary movement of materials and/or goods'?

Conveyance Signup and view all the answers

The Z score is a measure of the distance in Standard Deviations of a sample data point from the Median of the sample population.

False Signup and view all the answers

Those who are trained to the skill levels of a Black Belt are typically utilized to apply Lean Six Sigma methodologies what percentage of their time?

100% Signup and view all the answers

When a Belt is analyzing sample data she should keep in mind that 95% of Normally Distributed data is within +/- 2 Standard Deviations from the Mean.

True Signup and view all the answers

When constructing a Fishbone Diagram using the ________ approach is the most classic arrangement.

6M Signup and view all the answers

The Central Limit Theorem helps us understand the ___________ we are taking and is the basis for using sampling to estimate population parameters.

Risk Signup and view all the answers

When analyzing a data set we frequently graph one metric as a function of another. If the slope of the correlation line is -2.5 we would say the two metrics are ___________ correlated.

Negatively Signup and view all the answers

Lean removes many forms of so Six Sigma can focus on reducing _.

Waste, variability Signup and view all the answers

The ability to repeat the same measurement obtained with one measurement instrument used several times by one appraiser while measuring the identical characteristic on the same part is known as ____________.

Repeatability Signup and view all the answers

After a Belt has put data through the smoothing process which chart would be used to look for trends in the data?

Moving Average Chart Signup and view all the answers

The perfect sample size is the minimum number of data points required to provide exactly 6% overlap or risk if one wants a 95% confidence level.

False Signup and view all the answers

Inferential Statistics is largely about Significance. There are both Practical and _______________ Significance to consider during an analysis of data in a Lean Six Sigma project.

Statistical Signup and view all the answers

Measurement System Analysis is a procedure used to quantify all ____________ in the method or system used for taking measurements.

Variation Signup and view all the answers

The Empirical Rule is important because it provides an estimate of the probability of an event occurring depending on the Standard Deviation from the Mean.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fractional Factorial designs for an experimental approach are used when ____________ about the multiple metric interaction in a process.

Little is known Signup and view all the answers

The use of station warning lights, tool boards and jidohka devices in the application of Lean accomplish which of these principles?

Visual Factory Signup and view all the answers

The X-Y Diagram is a tool used to identify/collate potential X's and assess their relative impact on multiple Y's.

True Signup and view all the answers

As part of a Visual Factory plan kanban cards are created and utilized to identify areas in need of cleaning and organization.

False Signup and view all the answers

Process Capability is a function of which of these?

All of these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

A 1-Sample t-test is used when you want to compare the Median of one distribution to a target value.

False Signup and view all the answers

As part of a Visual Factory plan __________ cards are created and utilized to identify areas in need of cleaning and organization.

Kanban Signup and view all the answers

After reviewing the Capability Analysis shown here select the statement(s) that are untrue.

The process is properly assumed to be a Normal process Signup and view all the answers

Significant variation in process performance is a consequence of several causes that can be classified using terminologies shown here. (Note: There are 2 correct answers).

Common Signup and view all the answers

A Belt will occasionally do a quick experiment referred to as an OFAT which stands for ____________________.

One Factor At a Time Signup and view all the answers

A primary benefit of using a Multi-Vari Chart is it provides a visual presentation of two-way interactions.

True Signup and view all the answers

A process can be defined as a repetitive and systematic series of steps or activities where inputs are modified or assembled to achieve a customer desired result.

True Signup and view all the answers

Due to excessive pollution, GREEN Solutions Inc. is considering subsidizing public transportation to work for its employees. According to the manager, it takes an average weekday commute of 39 minutes with a Standard Deviation of 7 minutes for the employees to get to work while they use their personal vehicles for their office commute. The management set a policy of not more than 40 minutes for their daily one-way commute. A survey conducted one day on 70 employees showed an average of 34 minutes commuting time using the metro public transportation system with a Standard Deviation of 21 minutes. Assuming a Normal Distribution for the commute times by either personal or public transportation, which of these is true?

The probability that they would arrive on time using the MPTS is much higher than using their personal vehicles Signup and view all the answers

The deviation of the measured value from the actual value regardless of the operator is known as ____________.

Bias Signup and view all the answers

Unequal Variances can be the result of differing types of distributions.

True Signup and view all the answers

This output is what type of advanced Capability Analysis?

Binomial Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Six Sigma and Quality Management

Six Sigma methodology, coined by William Smith in the late 1980s, originated at Motorola.
A Multi-Vari Chart visualizes two-way interactions in processes to aid understanding.
Processes are structured for systematic iterations to achieve customer-desired outcomes.

Measurement Concepts

Repeatability refers to consistent measurements by the same instrument on the same part.
Hypothesis Testing uses existing data to save time and reduce experimental costs.
Discrete data Example: 12 out of 42 people on a bus went into the station.

Lean and Process Improvement

Poka-Yoke, or mistake-proofing, helps in error prevention within processes.
The 80:20 rule is represented by the Pareto Chart, highlighting the most significant factors.
Non-parametric testing is utilized when traditional tests yield inadequate results, focusing on population medians.

Process and Capability Analysis

Process Capability depends on customer requirements, process performance, and output consistency.
Significant variations in process performance are categorized as common or special causes.
A Stable process yields consistent output over time, with Time Series Plots commonly used for analysis.

Transportation and Commute Times

Average commute using personal vehicles is 39 minutes with a standard deviation of 7 minutes.
Metro public transport averages 34 minutes with a standard deviation of 21 minutes.
To improve on-time arrival, reducing average commute time by departing earlier is suggested.

Quality Control and Statistical Techniques

Type I error occurs when rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Control Charts illustrate data trends with the latest data point positioned to the right.
SPC charts help visualize process standards and control limits over time.

Lean Manufacturing Origins

Lean principles have origins in the Toyota Production System, focusing on waste elimination and efficiency.

Project Management and Economic Analysis

A Control Plan is vital to sustain process improvements; it remains active indefinitely.
Calculating project financial savings typically covers a 12-month period for standardization.
Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY) accounts for losses due to rework and scrap.

Data Analysis Techniques

Cause and Effect Diagrams assist in identifying root causes affecting processes.
Contingency Tables compare multiple sample proportions and attribute data.
The Mann-Whitney Test does not assess differences in sample means.

Statistical Terms and Metrics

Standard Error measures the distribution of means; it approaches zero as sample size increases.
The Empirical Rule estimates the likelihood of events occurring based on standard deviations.
The correct interpretation of Mean is the average of the sample size for data analysis.

Waste and Efficiency in Processes

Unnecessary movement of materials is categorized as motion waste.
Voice of the Customer identifies Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) attributes for product and service improvement.

Payback Period and Financial Considerations

Initial project investments with monthly savings lead to specific payback periods based on calculations of total outlay versus savings.

General Knowledge in Statistical Processes

Training and financial investments determine processes with expected savings; understanding means, medians, and sample data variation is crucial for efficient management and decision-making.

Capability Analysis and Lean Principles

A viable Capability Analysis requires a large sample set to ensure statistical reliability.
Lean approaches utilize visible problem detection methods like station warning lights and tool boards to enhance process efficiency.
Important undesirable situations in Statistical Process Control (SPC) include Control Limits wider than customer specifications and a process in control prior to implementing SPC.

Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Methods

For testing if three grades provide the same results, the Mood’s Median test is suitable for Central Tendency.
Changes to variation in commuting times for personal transportation can be quantified; a common reduction target is 3.5 minutes.
The Central Limit Theorem provides insights into risk assessment during sampling to estimate population parameters.

Statistical Concepts

In a Normal Distribution, Mean, Median, and Mode align at the same point.
The Alpha level indicates significance in hypothesis testing, rejecting the Null Hypothesis if the P-value is less than Alpha.
Measurement error arises from all sources that cause deviations from the true value.

Lean Six Sigma Focus

Definition of CTQ (Critical-to-quality) points essential in customer purchase decisions.
Lean principles emphasize removing waste and improving flow for speed and agility.
The purpose of a Process Map is to simplify process complexity and identify critical steps.

Tools and Techniques

The 5 Why Analysis is useful for root cause identification of issues, needing more than five causes is inefficient.
Standardized work instructions are essential for ensuring consistent performance among people in a process.
SPC charts typically place the most recent data point on the right for clarity.

Regression Analysis and Distribution

Multiple Linear Regression is appropriate when analyzing relationships between a single output and multiple inputs.
Bimodal distributions indicate data originating from multiple sources, each with distinct characteristics; observed in histograms with two peaks.
Control Plans remain living documents, evolving as processes are improved.

Quality Metrics

DPU (Defects per Unit) measures performance reliability in Lean Six Sigma.
Costs of Poor Quality (COPQ) differentiate between tangible and hidden costs, crucial for understanding financial impacts.
The essence of Lean is focused on eliminating waste to optimize processes effectively.

Sample Size and Statistical Testing

Bias in sampling arises from a lack of independence in random samples, highlighting the need for rigorous sampling methods.
Testing for variance significance usually employs the F Test, fundamental in quality control analyses.
Understanding cycle time as the inverse of throughput is key; for 7,200 units/hour, cycle time equals 0.5 seconds.

Importance of Visual Management

A Visual Factory relies on visual tools to manage processes effectively, driving clarity and efficiency.
The application of SPC is preferred on outputs rather than inputs, providing a clearer view of process performance.

Final Notes

Lean Enterprise models emphasize waste generation as a consistent aspect of all work processes, indicating focus areas for improvement.
Alpha and Beta risk levels of .05 and .10 are standard benchmarks in statistical tests, guiding decision-making in quality initiatives.
Understanding biases and measurement accuracy ensures effective use of statistical analyses in quality management.### Kanban and Lean Principles
Kanbans integrate best with pull systems, effectively determining production timing.
Lean methodology emphasizes waste elimination and improved flow for enhanced speed and cost efficiency.

Statistical Concepts

Skewed distributions arise from inconsistent data sources expected to be uniform.
Bias defines the deviation of measured values from true values, while linearity, repeatability, and movement relate to measurement accuracy and reliability.

Visual Factory and Mistake Proofing

Visual Factory examples include white outlines for inventory and colored indicators for gauge readings.
Mistake Proofing for laptops consists of features like battery alignment pins and USB connections for mice.

Analysis and Testing Methods

Contingency tables facilitate the comparison of multiple sample proportions.
After data smoothing, use a Moving Average Chart to track trends.
Outlier presence favors using Xbar-R charts for continuous data analysis.

Statistical Significance and Capability Analysis

Inferential Statistics emphasize significance, requiring practical and statistical significance considerations.
Process Capability depends on customer requirements, performance, and time-based output assessment.

Lean Six Sigma Methodologies

Lean methods focus on optimizing value streams and waste reduction for enhanced processes.
The DMAIC framework structures solution approaches in Lean Six Sigma for process challenges.

Measurement and Variation

Common causes and special causes distinguish between variations in process performance.
Measurement System Analysis quantifies variations stemming from measurement systems.

Regression and Statistical Models

Use regression when expecting a linear relationship between outputs and inputs to control process outputs effectively.
The Central Limit Theorem supports understanding sampling risks and estimating population parameters.

Process Management and Improvement

The Z score provides a standardized measure of distance from the mean within sample data.
A Fishbone Diagram applies the 6M framework to categorize potential causes and effects in processes.

Waste and Efficiency in Lean Practices

Lean targets waste in movement, inventory, and processing to streamline operations.
Poka-Yoke applies error-proofing techniques to minimize mistakes in operational tasks.

General Statistical Understanding

Nominal Scale data categorizes without inherent order, limiting advanced statistical operations.
Understanding hypothesis testing relies on determining the role of chance in observed differences.

Practical Application of Lean Techniques

Pareto Chart arrangements highlight significant defects, illustrating the most impactful areas for improvement in production.

Overall Performance Metrics

A higher sigma level in processes indicates improved performance and lower defect rates, reinforcing the goals of Lean Six Sigma methodologies.

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