SQL Chapter 7: Introduction to Structured Query Language
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Questions and Answers

What does the wildcard character '%' signify in SQL queries?

  • Any single character
  • Any preceding or following characters (correct)
  • One or more characters
  • No characters

Which SQL query would return names starting with 'Jo'?

  • SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE '_o%';
  • SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE 'Jo%'; (correct)
  • SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE 'J%';
  • SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE 'Jo_';

The HAVING clause in SQL is applied to which part of a query?

  • To individual rows
  • Only to the final result set
  • To the output of a GROUP BY operation (correct)
  • Before grouping data

Which of the following SQL functions would be used to find the average value?

<p>AVG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL?

<p>To group rows sharing a property so aggregate functions can be applied (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SQL statement would find rows in the employee table with 'n' as the third character?

<p>SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name LIKE '__n%'; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the MIN and MAX aggregate functions in SQL?

<p>To find the highest and lowest values in a column (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given SQL syntax, which part is optional when using GROUP BY?

<p>HAVING clause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the SELECT statement in SQL?

<p>To retrieve data from the database (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes aggregate functions in SQL?

<p>They perform arithmetic calculations over a set of rows (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do inner joins differ from outer joins?

<p>Outer joins may include unmatched rows from one or both tables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ORDER BY clause in a SELECT statement?

<p>To sort the output of the results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are subqueries typically executed in SQL?

<p>In a serial fashion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clause can restrict the rows affected by SQL commands like SELECT and UPDATE?

<p>WHERE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of join eliminates duplicate columns from the resulting dataset?

<p>Natural join (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SQL command category deals specifically with retrieving and manipulating data?

<p>Data Manipulation Language (DML) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the UNION operator do in SQL?

<p>Combines rows from two queries without including duplicate rows. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operator retains duplicate rows from the combined results?

<p>UNION ALL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the INTERSECT operator return?

<p>Rows that appear in both queries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you produce a result set that excludes certain rows using SQL?

<p>By using the EXCEPT operator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SQL function specifically changes the data type of a value?

<p>Conversion function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between UNION and INTERSECT in SQL?

<p>UNION combines all rows, INTERSECT returns only matching rows. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the syntax for using the EXCEPT operator?

<p>query EXCEPT query (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes EXCEPT in SQL?

<p>Returns only unique rows from the first query not present in the second. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using the UNION operator in SQL?

<p>To combine results from multiple tables without duplicates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would you use UNION ALL instead of UNION?

<p>When you need to combine results with duplicates included. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will the output category be for the interests retrieved from the sports_interests table?

<p>Sport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which SQL statement will result in duplicates being preserved?

<p>SELECT * FROM music_interests UNION ALL SELECT * FROM sports_interests; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the INTERSECT operator do in SQL queries?

<p>Finds common records between two tables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the combined output of the UNION query in this context?

<p>Only unique student interests will be displayed in the output. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If one table has more records than the other, how will the UNION operator behave?

<p>It will return unique records from both tables without limiting the output. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the alias 'category' in the query provided?

<p>The source table of the interest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ALL operator achieve in the context of filtering products based on their cost?

<p>It is used to filter products with costs greater than all values in a subquery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of changing the operator from '>' to '<' when using ALL?

<p>It finds products that are less than the lowest cost in the subquery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the subquery highlighting vendors from Florida?

<p>To limit product selection to those associated with a specific vendor state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an Attribute List Subquery, what is returned as the result?

<p>A set of attributes rather than just one value. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using ANY with a subquery, what does it enable in terms of product selection?

<p>It allows products to be selected if they exceed the smallest value in the subquery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of ALL in the context of cost comparison?

<p>ALL evaluates that products meet the cost condition against every value returned by the subquery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if the subquery returns no values when using the ALL operator?

<p>The main query will include all products regardless of cost. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the subquery when filtering by vendor state?

<p>It restricts the list of products based on their assigned vendors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the attribute list in a SELECT statement?

<p>To indicate which columns to project in the resulting set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a correlated subquery function?

<p>It executes for each row returned by the outer query. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When computing sales data, how is the average units sold determined for a product in a correlated subquery?

<p>By taking the mean of all units sold for that product only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of SQL functions takes a date or character data type as input and returns a value?

<p>Date and time functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes numeric functions in SQL?

<p>They can be categorized into algebraic, trigonometric, and logarithmic types. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are string functions commonly used for in programming?

<p>To manipulate and process text data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes a subquery from a correlated subquery?

<p>A correlated subquery can reference columns from the outer query. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To select only sales where units sold exceed the average for that product, what initial step should be taken?

<p>Calculate the average units sold specifically for that product. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Underscore (_)

A wildcard character used in SQL queries to represent any single character.

Percent sign (%)

A wildcard character used in SQL queries to represent any sequence of characters.

Aggregate function

A SQL function that operates on a set of rows to produce a single value, like calculating the sum, average, or count of a column.

GROUP BY

A SQL clause used to group rows with similar values in a table.

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HAVING

A SQL clause used to filter grouped rows based on a specific condition.

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WHERE clause

Used in SQL queries to specify certain rows to be included based on a given condition.

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Aggregate processing

The process of combining data from multiple rows into a single row. This often involves applying aggregate functions to summarize the data.

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ORDER BY

A SQL clause used to order the rows of a result set in ascending or descending order.

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ALL (in SQL)

Used in SQL to compare a value to all values within a subquery. It returns TRUE only if the value satisfies the condition for every row in the subquery. For example WHERE X > ALL (SUBQUERY) will only return TRUE if X is greater than every value returned by the subquery.

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Attribute List Subquery

A type of subquery that returns a list of columns (attributes) instead of a single value. It lets you compare values against multiple values simultaneously.

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Multirow subquery operator

A subquery where the result is used as a comparison for each row in the parent query. Common operators used are ANY for any value matching or ALL for all values matching.

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ANY (in SQL)

Used alongside ANY, returns true if any of the values in the subquery meets the condition. Used in SQL queries to check if a value is greater than or less than any value in a list.

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Subquery

A query enclosed within another query. It's used to retrieve data that's used in the parent query. Can be nested.

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String Functions

SQL functions that allow you to manipulate and modify string values within your queries.

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Conversion Functions

SQL functions that enable you to convert data from one data type to another.

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UNION

A SQL operator that combines the results of two or more SELECT queries, removing duplicate rows. Think of it as merging lists without repeats.

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UNION ALL

A SQL operator that combines the results of two or more SELECT queries, including any duplicate rows. Think of merging lists with repeats.

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INTERSECT

A SQL operator that returns only the rows that exist in both result sets of two SELECT queries. Think of finding the common elements in two lists.

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EXCEPT (MINUS)

A SQL operator that returns rows that are present in the first result set but not in the second result set. Think of finding elements unique to one list.

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MINUS

A SQL operator that can be used in place of EXCEPT. It performs the same function of subtracting rows.

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Correlated Subquery

A subquery that executes once for each row in the outer query and is related to the outer query by referencing a column from the outer subquery.

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Uncorrelated Subquery

A subquery that runs independently of the outer query and returns a result set that is used by the outer query.

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Numeric Function

A SQL function that performs calculations on numeric data, including operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

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Date Function

A SQL function specifically designed to work with dates and times.

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Conditional Functions

Functions that return data based on certain conditions within a database.

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UNION in SQL

A set operator that combines all unique rows from two or more tables. Duplicate rows are excluded in the final result.

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UNION ALL in SQL

A set operator that combines all rows from two or more tables, including duplicates.

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INTERSECT in SQL

A set operator that returns only the rows that appear in both input tables, i.e., the common rows

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EXCEPT in SQL

A set operator that returns the rows that are present in the first table, but not in the second table.

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Know your data

The process of understanding the structure, relationships, and characteristics of data stored in a database.

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Know the problem

Understanding the specific information or problem you are trying to solve with your SQL query.

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Data Definition Language (DDL)

SQL commands that define or alter the structure of a database, like creating or dropping tables.

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL commands that manipulate data within a database, such as inserting, updating, or deleting data.

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Inner Join

A type of SQL join that returns only rows where there is a match in the joining attributes of both tables.

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Outer Join

A type of SQL join that returns all rows from one table, even if there are no matching values in the other table.

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Natural Join

A type of SQL join that automatically joins two tables based on matching column names and eliminates redundant columns.

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Data transformation

Using SQL functions to extract, format, or modify data to achieve a specific result.

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Study Notes

Chapter 7: Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)

  • This chapter introduces Structured Query Language (SQL)
  • SQL is a language used to communicate with databases.
  • Learning objectives include retrieving specified columns, joining tables, restricting data based on complex criteria, aggregating data across groups of rows, creating subqueries, using SQL functions (string, numeric, date), and crafting SELECT queries.

Introduction to SQL

  • Table 7.1 details SQL commands and options.
    • INSERT: Inserts data in a table
    • SELECT: Retrieves data
    • WHERE: Restricts the selection of rows
    • GROUP BY: Groups the selected rows based on attributes
    • HAVING: Restricts grouped rows
    • ORDER BY: Orders selected rows based on attributes
    • UPDATE: Modifies attributes in rows
    • DELETE: Deletes rows
    • COMMIT: Saves permanently
    • ROLLBACK: Restores to previous state
    • Comparison Operators (=, <, >, <=, >=, <>) are used in conditional expressions
    • Logical Operators (AND/OR/NOT) are used in conditional expressions
    • Special Operators (BETWEEN, IS NULL, LIKE, IN, EXISTS, DISTINCT) are used in special situations

Learning Objectives (continued)

  • Students will learn to retrieve, join, restrict, aggregate data, and use string, numeric, and date manipulation in SQL commands.
  • Subqueries are used to preprocess data for inclusion in other SQL queries.

Order By Clause

  • ORDER BY clause is used to arrange data in a specific order; useful for specific listing orders
    • Syntax: SELECT columnlist FROM tablelist ORDER BY columnlist [ASC|DESC]
      • ASC (Ascending order)
      • DESC (Descending order)
    • Cascading order sequence allows multiple ordering criteria
      • Prioritize by last name, then first, then middle initial

Aggregate Functions

  • Aggregate functions perform calculations on sets of values in columns
    • COUNT: Determines the number of rows.
    • MIN: Finds minimum values.
    • MAX: Finds maximum values.
    • SUM: Calculates the total.
    • AVG: Computes the average
    • These functions are used in conjunction with GROUP BY to summarize data across groups.

WHERE Clauses

  • WHERE clause is used to filter data rows based on specific conditions.
  • Comparison and logical operators are used in the WHERE clause.
    • Comparison operators include <, <=, >, >=, =, <>
    • Logical operators include AND, OR, and NOT
  • Often used to filter specific data, values, or characteristics.

Special Operators

  • Specialized operations within the WHERE clause.
    • BETWEEN: Checks if a value falls between a defined range.
    • IS NULL: Checks if the value is null.
    • LIKE: Filters data based on string patterns using wildcards (% for any sequence of characters and _ for a single character wildcard).
    • IN: Checks if the value is present in a list of defined values.
    • EXISTS: Checks if a subquery returns any rows.
    • DISTINCT: Used in the SELECT clause to only include unique values.

SQL Functions (Continued)

  • Common string functions:
    • UPPER/UCASE converts strings to uppercase.
    • LOWER/LCASE converts strings to lowercase.
    • SUBSTRING returns a substring from a string.
    • LENGTH returns the length of a string.
  • Conversion functions:
    • Convert between data types such as characters and numbers.

Relational Set Operators

  • UNION: Combines rows from two or more SELECT statements, excluding duplicate rows.
  • UNION ALL: Combines rows from two or more SELECT statements that includes duplicate rows.
  • INTERSECT: Finds rows common to two or more queries.
  • EXCEPT/MINUS: Finds rows in the first query but not in the second query.

Subqueries

  • Subqueries: Queries embedded inside another query.
    • WHERE, IN,HAVING,FROM clauses can each use subqueries.

HAVING clauses

  • HAVING clause filters the output of a GROUP BY clause, based on conditions applied to the aggregated data.

SQL Functions and Conversion functions (continued)

  • Includes numeric functions like ABS, ROUND, CEIL, and FLOOR.
  • Covers different string functions such as CONCAT, UPPER, LOWER, LENGTH, and SUBSTRING.
  • Explains data conversion functions, such as TO_CHAR to change data types to characters.

ACTIVITY and Summary

  • Covers use cases of the above topics as a way to practice.
  • Briefly reviews and summarizes all the topics above.

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W10 2024 CMT221- ch07- INTRO TO SQL PART 2 (ELEARN) PDF

Description

This quiz covers Chapter 7 of the SQL introduction, focusing on the essentials of Structured Query Language. It includes topics such as retrieving data, joining tables, and using various SQL commands like SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE. Ideal for anyone looking to strengthen their database communication skills.

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