SPSS Workshop Series: Introduction & Data Attributes
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Questions and Answers

What type of data is collected based on attributes like sex or color?

  • Nominal data (correct)
  • Interval data
  • Measure data
  • Quantitative data

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of quantitative data?

  • It is based solely on subjective judgment.
  • It can be expressed in whole numbers. (correct)
  • It is abstract and not numeric.
  • It cannot be measured.

    • Which measures of variation indicates the spread of data in a dataset?

  • P-value
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Standard deviation (correct)
  • Regression

    • Outliers can significantly affect which measure of central tendency?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure that indicates the average value in a dataset?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as the lowest level of measurement according to the scales of measures?

    <p>Nominal scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In descriptive statistics, what does the term 'central tendency' refer to?

    <p>A typical or representative score in the dataset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of continuous data?

    <p>Temperature in degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure divides a dataset into ten equal parts?

    <p>Deciles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using graphs and tables in descriptive statistics?

    <p>To summarize and organize data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym SPSS originally stand for?

    <p>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a 'sample'?

    <p>A subset of the population for which data are collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of descriptive statistics?

    <p>Summarizing the characteristics of a sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of measurement uses numerical values and has a true zero point?

    <p>Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the units on which data characteristics are measured?

    <p>Subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of data?

    <p>It is only collected from a random sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'scale' provide in the context of measurement?

    <p>A range of values for quantifying characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best represents 'observations' in a statistical context?

    <p>The specific data points collected during research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to all subjects of interest in a study?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical term describes non-numeric categories?

    <p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of the combined IQ scores for Classes A & B?

    <p>109</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the normal distribution is correct?

    <p>The mean, median, and mode are always equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tests are classified as statistical normality tests?

    <p>Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it appropriate to use a non-parametric test?

    <p>When the median represents the center of the distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes the Central Limit Theorem?

    <p>It describes the behavior of independent identically-distributed random variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario should normality tests be conducted?

    <p>Before conducting parametric tests on continuous data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the standard normal distribution?

    <p>It has a mean of 0 and a variance of 1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the mean represents the center of the data, what should be concluded about the distribution?

    <p>Parametric tests can be utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a graphical normality test?

    <p>Fisher's exact test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for the Central Limit Theorem to apply?

    <p>The sample size must be greater than 30.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the median represent in a data set?

    <p>The point that divides a distribution into two equal halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given Class A IQs, what is the median IQ value?

    <p>109</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an outlier?

    <p>A value that is significantly higher or lower than most others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mean' refer to in statistics?

    <p>The sum of all values divided by the number of values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dataset, if the mode is 109, what does this indicate?

    <p>109 is the most commonly occurring data point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the range of a dataset is calculated to be 50, what does this imply?

    <p>The difference between the maximum and minimum values is 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the interquartile range is true?

    <p>It measures the dispersion of the middle 50% of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the values in a dataset are ranked from lowest to highest, what can be said about the median?

    <p>It will always be one of the actual data points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach will you use to find the median in a dataset with an even number of observations?

    <p>Add the two central numbers and divide by two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the mode in a dataset?

    <p>It can help identify the dataset's frequency distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Statistical Workshop Series

    • The workshop series focuses on SPSS introduction, data attributes, and statistical concepts.
    • Workshop 1 specifically covers SPSS introduction, data attributes and variables.

    SPSS Software

    • Originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
    • Now known as Statistical Product and Service Solutions.
    • Is used for statistical analysis.
    • Includes data views (data and variable) for analysis.

    Data and Variables

    • Data is collected to answer research questions.
    • Variables include outcome, treatment, and study population characteristics.
    • Subjects are the units from which characteristics are measured.
    • Observations are data elements.
    • Population involves all subjects of interest.
    • Sample represents a subset of the population.

    Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

    • Descriptive statistics summarise data characteristics (size, mean, variance), while inferential statistics use sample data to make inferences about a population.

    Sample and Population

    • Population encompasses all subjects of interest.
    • Sample is a subset for data collection.
    • Descriptive measures include size, mean, and variance with parameters or statistics used.

    Scale of Measures

    • Scales are composite measures of variables.
    • They arrange items according to value for quantification.
    • They provide values corresponding to characteristics or amounts observed in a concept.
    • Four levels exist: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.

    Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data

    • Qualitative Data: Data are based on attributes (e.g., sex, color). Subtypes are Binary, Nominal, and Ordinal.
    • Quantitative Data: Data collected through measurement. Subtypes are Discrete (e.g., whole numbers, fixed values) and Continuous (e.g., decimal or fractional values).

    Types of Descriptive Statistics

    • Organize Data: Tables and Graphs.
    • Summarize Data: Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of location (position), and measures of variation (range, variance, standard deviation).

    Frequency Distribution and Graphs

    • Data can be visualised using graphs and charts. These can include histograms and bar charts.
    • Frequency distributions show how often different values or ranges of values occur.
    • Tables and graphs can be used to summarise and organise data.

    Central Tendency

    • Statistics (mode, median, mean) determine a typical score in a distribution.
    • Mode is the most common value.
    • Median is the middle value when data is ranked.
    • Mean is the average value.
    • Outliers can impact mean values.

    Measures of Dispersion (Variation)

    • Measures of variation include interquartile range.
    • These indicate data spread around the center of the distribution.

    Normal Distribution

    • The normal distribution (bell curve) is a symmetrical distribution.
    • It describes how data is spread.
    • The mean, median, and mode are the same.
    • The empirical rule explains data within standard deviations of the mean.

    Central Limit Theorem

    • The central limit theorem describes the distribution of sample means.
    • It states that under certain conditions, the sum of independent identically distributed random variables will approach a standard normal distribution when adequately scaled.

    Statistical Tests for Normality

    • Tests of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk) are used to determine if data follows a normal distribution.
    • Normality tests are crucial before parametric tests for continuous data; whereas Non-parametric tests can be used for discrete, nominal, and ordinal data.

    Non-Parametric Tests

    • Non-parametric tests do not assume a particular distribution (like the normal distribution). Examples include Chi-Square, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Spearman correlation testing.
    • Choosing the right test depends on the research question and characteristics of the data.

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    Related Documents

    Statistical Workshop Series - Workshop 1 - SPSS Introduction, Data & Attributes

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the first workshop of the SPSS Statistical Workshop Series, which covers an introduction to SPSS, data attributes, and the key concepts of statistics. You will learn about variables, descriptive vs inferential statistics, and fundamental aspects of statistical analysis using SPSS software.

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