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What is the term for a fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin?
What is the term for a sudden traumatic blow to the body that causes soft tissue to compress against the bone?
What is the term for a stretch or separation of ligamentous fibers resulting from a force causing a joint to move beyond its normal limits of motion?
What is the term for a painful involuntary muscle contraction?
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What is the primary reason for classifying sports injuries?
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What type of injury results from repetitive overloading of the body associated with continuous training/conditioning?
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What is the term for a gradual wasting away of muscle due to disease or injury?
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What is the most frequent cause of athletic injuries?
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What is the term for a type of fracture that involves the epiphyseal plate of a long bone?
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What is the term for a collection of blood that forms a clot and becomes encapsulated by a connective tissue membrane?
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What is an example of an early secondary problem that may arise if an injury is not properly treated?
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What is the term for inflammation of a tendon with a gradual onset caused by repeated microtrauma and degenerative change?
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What type of force is responsible for bending injuries?
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What is the term for a type of injury that occurs when at least one bone in an articulation is forced out of its normal and proper alignment?
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What is an example of an unexposed injury?
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What is the term for a disruption in the continuity of a bone?
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What is the term for a type of pain that is perceived at a location remote from the injured site?
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What type of fracture is characterized by an incomplete fracture?
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Study Notes
Classification of Sports Injuries
- Classification of sports injuries is essential before evaluation, inspection, and recognition
- Involves understanding major anatomy, causation, and forces involved in the injury
Primary Injuries
- Result directly from the stress imposed by a particular sport
- Can be acute (caused by trauma) or chronic (result from overuse)
- Can be externally or intrinsically caused
- Examples: macrotrauma (fractures, dislocations, contusions, strains) and microtrauma (tendonitis)
Secondary Injuries
- May arise if the injury has not been properly treated initially
- May arise if the athlete has been allowed to return to competition too soon
- Examples: early secondary problems (chronic swelling, joint laxity, weakness) and later secondary problems (arthritis, repeated re-injury, instability)
Mechanical Forces of Injury
- Types of mechanical forces: compressive, tensile, shear, stress, strain, elastic limit, plastic deformation, bending, and torsion
- Altered movement patterns, altered recruitment patterns, and altered proprioception can lead to abnormal loading and increased tissue stress/strain
Anatomical Classification
- External injuries: skin, wound is highly visible
- Internal and unexposed injuries: muscles, ligament, bone, cartilage, nerves, joint capsules
Exposed Skin Injuries
- Examples: abrasion, laceration, incision, puncture wound, impaled object, and burns
Unexposed Injuries
- Unexposed or closed wounds in sports include those injuries which do not penetrate the epidermal skin layer
Injury Classification
- Majority of athletic injuries involve the neuromusculoskeletal system
- Involves osseous, soft tissue, or nerve injuries
- Affects body tissues: bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon, ligament, skin, bursa, nerve
Fractures
- Defined as a disruption in the continuity of a bone
- Types: simple (closed), compound (open), greenstick (incomplete fracture), stress (incomplete fracture), and epiphysial (fracture involving the epiphyseal plate of a long bone)
Dislocation
- Defined as when at least one bone in an articulation is forced out of its normal and proper alignment
- Bone ends are no longer in contact
- Types: luxation (complete separation) and sub-luxation (partial congruency remains)
Contusion
- Defined as a compression injury caused by a sudden traumatic blow to the body
- Soft tissue is compressed against the bone resulting in capillary damage
- Also known as a bruise
Hematoma
- Defined as a localized collection of blood that has leaked from blood vessels
- Formed by the localization of blood leaking into a clot that becomes encapsulated by a connective tissue membrane
Myositis Ossificans
- Defined as the accumulation of calcium deposits in muscle tissue (ectopic calcification)
- Result of repeated blows to the same area
- May have accumulation in the muscle belly or spur projecting from the underlying bone
Strain
- Defined as a stretch, tear, or separation in the muscle or adjacent tissue such as the fascia or tendon
- Classified as grade 1, 2, or 3
- Result of overstretching or a forced contraction against too much resistance
Tendon and Muscle Injuries
- Grade 1: minimal loss of structural integrity, little or no swelling, localized tenderness, minimal bruising, minimal function loss
- Grade 2: moderate loss of structural integrity, significant structural weakening, some abnormal motion, solid end feel to stress, bruising and swelling, often associated with hemarthrosis and effusion
- Grade 3: complete loss of structural integrity, marked abnormal motion, significant bruising, hemarthrosis, needs prolonged protection, may require surgery
Muscle Cramp
- Defined as a painful involuntary muscle contraction
- May be the result of dehydration, fatigue
Muscle Guarding
- Defined as involuntary muscle contractions that occur in response to pain following musculoskeletal injury
- May be a spasm or spasticity due to upper motor neuron lesion in the brain
Muscle Atrophy
- Defined as a gradual wasting away of muscle due to disease
- May be due to neurological injury or pain inhibition
Muscle Contracture
- Defined as abnormal shortening of muscle and other soft tissue where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
Sprain
- Defined as a stretch or separation of ligamentous fibers resulting from a force causing a joint to move beyond its normal limits of motion
- Classified as per strains
Tendonitis
- Defined as inflammation and tenderness of a tendon with a gradual onset caused by repeated microtrauma and degenerative change
- May be degenerative changes in a tendon without inflammation
Bursitis
- Defined as inflammation of a bursa caused by overuse of muscle or tendon at a bony prominence, or by constant external compression or trauma
- Result from friction leading to inflammation and irritation which causes the bursa to produce large amounts of synovial fluid
Nerve Injuries
- Result from tensile or compressive forces
- Can have sensory or motor changes
- Classified as grade 1, 2, or 3
Pain
- Defined as referred pain (pain that is perceived at a location remote from the injured site) or radiating pain (pain that is felt both at its source and along a nerve)
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Description
Classifying and evaluating sports injuries requires understanding anatomy, causation, and forces involved. Learn about primary injuries, including acute, chronic, and externally or intrinsically caused injuries.
