Sports Consumer Behavior Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which model of communication is characterized by limited feedback from key publics?

  • Symmetrical model
  • Asymmetrical model
  • Public information model (correct)
  • Public and press agentry (correct)

The symmetrical model of communication allows for both the organization and the public to change their positions based on communication.

True (A)

What are the two main types of influences that affect sports consumer behavior?

Internal and external influences

The process of sports consumer behavior starts with _____ recognition.

<p>need</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of communication with their characteristics:

<p>Public relations = Two-way communication model Press agentry = One-way communication pushing messages Public information = Credible service to media Marketing communication = Focused on consumer engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motives are considered wants or desires that vary from person to person in sports consumer behavior?

<p>Non-physiological needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consumer attitudes are solely based on cognitive components, such as beliefs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one type of situational influence that can affect a sports consumer's decision-making.

<p>Physical surrounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ approach to communication involves using information about the public to affect their behavior.

<p>asymmetrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design aspect is characterized by a focus on flexibility and temporary organization?

<p>Political structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to grouping people with common characteristics in marketing?

<p>Segmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four steps of organizational growth include entrepreneurial, collectivity, formalization, and elaboration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of innovations mentioned?

<p>Product and process innovations</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the profit formula, profit equals revenue minus __________.

<p>cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership behaviors with their descriptions:

<p>Nontransactional = Passive and avoids leadership Transactional = Involves rewards and punishments Transformative = Inspires through vision and change</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is employed by the scientific management approach?

<p>Scrutinizing individual performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The law of supply states that consumers will decrease demand as the price increases.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key motivation characterized by the desire to learn and develop skills?

<p>Mastery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

External factors influencing consumer behavior include personal relationships and societal norms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of a facility director?

<p>To oversee the overall operations and create facility procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

A market __________ occurs when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded.

<p>surplus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one mechanism by which social learning occurs.

<p>Modeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ rewards are derived from the experience itself rather than provided by someone else.

<p>Intrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which power source is based on a person's expertise and knowledge?

<p>Expert power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The balance sheet equation shows that assets equal liabilities minus owner's equity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of agencies with their characteristics:

<p>General agencies = Ambitious, smaller agencies that provide a range of services Specialty agencies = Focusing on a specific type of service or clientele Full-service agencies = Comprehensive services including planning and management Consulting services = Conducting analysis and providing recommendations to clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one unique revenue source for the sports industry.

<p>Game attendance or media rights or sponsorships</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the listed challenges facing agencies?

<p>Ethical decision making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Professional sports are governed by a __________, who manages agreements and disputes.

<p>commissioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implicit norms are formally communicated rules that govern behaviors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of sport marketing?

<p>To satisfy consumer needs while achieving company objectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a person's initial impression is based on what they see?

<p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Performing ___ assessment involves evaluating your own values, interests, and skills.

<p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the effect of others in a social surrounding?

<p>Situational influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the emotional connection in sports marketing primarily rely on?

<p>Engaging fans through emotional experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subjectivity in sports marketing means that every fan has a similar experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analysis helps sport organizations understand their internal strengths and weaknesses?

<p>SWOT Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ marketing strategy is utilized by non-sport companies to promote their products through the platform of sports.

<p>marketing through sport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of the marketing mix with their descriptions:

<p>Product = The value or cost consumers pay for the product Price = Distribution methods for delivering the product to consumers Place = Tangible offerings satisfying customer needs Promotion = Integrated communications to inform consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of market segmentation?

<p>Identifying consumer demographics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishability in sports means that sporting events can be rescheduled to avoid lost opportunities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in developing a marketing plan?

<p>Identify the Purpose of the Marketing Plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of __________ involves recognizing the dynamic nature of the sport product and its attributes.

<p>analyzing sport product attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by brand equity in sports marketing?

<p>The recognition and loyalty consumers have towards a brand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychographics in customer segmentation focuses on location-based data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of factors that affect pricing strategies in sports marketing?

<p>Consumer Factors and Competitor Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The key to effective communication in promoting a sport product is ensuring __________ practices.

<p>open, honest, and socially responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the promotional elements with their definitions:

<p>Advertising = Paid messages to promote the product Publicity = Non-paid communication highlighting key aspects Sales Promotions = Encouragement for immediate purchases Public Relations = Maintaining positive relationships with stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sport refers to activities like pickleball and traditional sports?

<p>Reformed sports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commercial organizations in the sports industry primarily focus on non-profit goals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of economies emphasized in sports organizations?

<p>Economies of scale and economies of scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main aspects of the organizational environment are ______ and ______.

<p>general, specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:

<p>SWOT = An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats Centralization = Decision-making concentrated at the top of the hierarchy Formalization = Documentation and regulation of employee behavior Reciprocity = Collaboration for a common goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary product in the sports industry?

<p>Selling team merchandise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Economies of scope refer to savings from mass production of a single product.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'asymmetry' refer to in organizational dynamics?

<p>Seeking to dominate other organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organizational structure, ______ is the amount of written documents regulating behavior.

<p>formalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organizational structure allows for decision-making authority to be distributed throughout the organization?

<p>Decentralized (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organizational goal achievement process

The process of organizations achieving their goals involves transforming inputs into outputs.

Economies of scale

Savings achieved by producing more than one product or service at a lower cost per unit.

Economies of scope

Savings achieved by selling multiple products or services at a reduced cost.

General Environment

External factors affecting an organization but not impacting day-to-day operations. These include economic, technological, political, social/cultural, and demographic factors.

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Specific Environment

Internal or external individuals or groups that can influence or be influenced by an organization's actions.

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Primary Stakeholders

Individuals or groups that engage in economic exchanges with an organization.

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Secondary Stakeholders

Individuals or groups that are affected by or can affect an organization's actions without direct economic exchange.

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Organizational Function

A course of action taken by an organization to achieve its goals. This can involve organizational structure, design, performance, change, and strategy.

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SWOT Analysis

A method to analyze an organization's internal strengths and weaknesses and its external opportunities and threats.

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Specialization

The degree to which tasks and responsibilities are divided and assigned to different individuals or units within an organization.

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Simple Structure

A simple organizational structure where power is centralized at the top, typically found in small businesses.

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Machine Bureaucracy

A highly formalized structure with standardized processes and specialized roles, often found in manufacturing.

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Professional Bureaucracy

A structure where expertise plays a key role, like in universities or consulting firms, focusing on specialized knowledge.

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Innovative Structure

A flexible and adaptable structure, prioritizing creativity and innovation, common in tech startups.

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Missionary Structure

A structure driven by a strong ideology or mission, often found in religious organizations or NGOs.

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Political Structure

A structure where power is fluid and dynamic, often seen in temporary projects or political campaigns.

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Goal Approach

This approach focuses on how efficiently an organization achieves its goals.

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Resource-Based Approach

This approach emphasizes the resources an organization possesses, like human capital, technology, and finances.

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Internal Process Approach

This approach emphasizes internal processes and how well they function, like communication, decision-making, and workflow.

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Entrepreneurial Stage

The stage where a business is founded and driven by the entrepreneur's vision and passion.

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Collectivity Stage

The stage where the business solidifies its goals, structures, and processes to achieve them.

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Formalization Stage

The stage where formal rules, procedures, and policies are established for efficient operations.

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Elaboration Stage

The stage where leaders and managers work collaboratively to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.

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Product Innovation

A type of innovation focused on developing new products or services.

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Process Innovation

A type of innovation focused on improving organizational processes and efficiency.

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Sport Products

Products or services related to sports, such as tickets, merchandise, and broadcasting rights.

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Emotional Connection in Sport

The emotional bond that fans develop with their favorite teams or athletes.

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Trends Analysis in Sport Marketing

Understanding and analyzing current and future trends in the sport market.

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Market Segmentation in Sport Marketing

Grouping consumers by shared characteristics to identify target audiences.

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Positioning a Sport Product

The process of creating a distinct image and perception for a sport product in the minds of consumers.

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Sport Marketing Plan

A systematic approach to planning, implementing, and evaluating marketing activities for a sport organization.

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Branding in Sports

The process of using names, designs, or symbols to distinguish a product.

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Pricing in Sport Marketing

The perceived value or cost consumers pay for a sport product.

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Promotion in Sport Marketing

Communication strategies used to inform and motivate consumers about a sport product.

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Place (Distribution) in Sport Marketing

Methods used to deliver a sport product to its target audience.

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Core Product in Sport Marketing

The core offering, such as the game itself, involving teams, players, and competition.

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Product Extensions in Sport Marketing

Additional elements that enhance the appeal of a sport product, such as fan experiences and merchandise.

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SWOT Analysis in Sport Marketing

Assessing internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats.

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Brand Awareness in Sport Marketing

The ability of consumers to recall and recognize a brand name.

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Evaluating a Sport Marketing Plan

Collecting and analyzing feedback from internal and external sources to assess the effectiveness of the marketing plan.

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Genres of Sports Communication

Different ways of studying and analyzing sports communication, focusing on individuals, society, criticism, and interpretation.

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Context of Sports Communication

The specific setting or environment where communication takes place, such as groups, organizations, mass media, or interpersonal interactions.

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Process of Sports Communication

The process of creating meaning through interactions between multiple participants. It can be simple or complex.

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Personal Sports Communication

Communication between individuals or within groups related to sports, often involving personal interests or experiences.

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Organizational Sport Communication

Communication within a sports organization, including internal communication between staff and external communication with fans, sponsors, or media.

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Mediated Sport Communication

Communication that uses media channels like magazines, newspapers, websites, social media, and broadcasts to reach a wide audience.

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Public & Press Agentry

A one-way model where the goal is to send a message to a large audience without seeking input or feedback. Think of using a megaphone to spread your message.

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Asymmetrical Communication

A two-way model where the organization uses information about the public to communicate more effectively and influence their behavior. Think of a conversation where you tailor your language to understand and respond to the listener.

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Symmetrical Communication

A two-way model where the goal is to build mutual understanding and create a dialogue with the public. Think of a collaborative discussion where everyone's opinion is valued and considered.

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Sport Consumer Decision Process

The process of recognizing a need, searching for information, evaluating alternatives, making a purchase, and evaluating the purchase, often influenced by a combination of internal and external factors.

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Emotional Attachment & Loyalty

The more people involved in something, the greater their emotional attachment and loyalty, making it part of their identity. This leads to stronger brand advocacy and less price sensitivity.

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Reference Groups

Groups that influence an individual's decision-making, including family, friends, and communities. They shape opinions, values, and consumption preferences.

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Achievement Motivation

A strong desire to succeed and outperform others. This often involves social comparison and striving for recognition.

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Social Motivation

The drive to connect and engage with others in a social setting. People with high social motivation value relationships and belonging.

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Mastery Motivation

A passion for learning and developing new skills. People with strong mastery motivation seek out challenges and personal growth.

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Extrinsic Rewards

Rewards that are external to the activity itself, such as money, praise, or recognition. These rewards are given by someone else.

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Intrinsic Rewards

Rewards that come from the experience itself, such as feelings of accomplishment, satisfaction, or enjoyment.

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Modeling Behaviour

Learning through observation and imitation of others, often occurring in a social context.

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Prompting Behaviour

Being reminded to behave in a certain way, often through prompts and cues within an environment.

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Reinforcement Behaviour

Repeating a behaviour that is followed by a positive consequence, strengthening the behavior.

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Study Notes

Types of Sport

  • Traditional sports: Common sports like football, basketball, etc.
  • New/Emerging sports: Video games, esports.
  • Reformed sports: Pickleball.

Sport Industry Segments

  • Production: Creation of goods and services related to sport.
  • Promotion: Marketing and publicizing of sport.
  • Performance: Evaluating and enhancing the quality of sport events.

Organizational Sectors

  • Public: Government-funded organizations (school sports, facilities, physical education, sport leader training).
  • Non-profit: Voluntary groups focusing on specific causes (high-performance sport development).
  • Commercial: Profit-driven organizations (entertainment, media, sponsorships).

Primary and Secondary Products

  • Primary: Directly consumed as produced (game outcome).
  • Secondary: Derived from a primary product, offering additional revenue streams (TV rights, concessions, merchandise, user fees).

Organizational Goal Achievement

  • Inputs -> Transformation -> Outputs: A general model outlining the process of achieving organizational goals.
  • Economies of Scale: Savings from mass producing one or more products/services.
  • Economies of Scope: Savings from selling multiple products/services.

Organizational Environment

  • General Environment: External factors that influence the organization but not directly day-to-day operations (economy, technology, politics, social/cultural forces, demographics).
  • Specific Environment: Internal/external individuals/groups affecting or affected by the organization (primary and secondary stakeholders).

Organizational Function

  • A course of action to achieve organizational goals.
    • Structure, design, performance, strategy.
  • Steps to plan development include defining mission, analyzing strengths/weaknesses, identifying resources, and setting a timeline.
  • Partnership development strategies (Asymmetry, Reciprocity, Necessity, Legitimacy, Efficiency, Stability).

SWOT Analysis

  • Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Organizational Structure

  • Mintzberg's Designs:
    • Simple Structure: Small organizations with top management.
    • Machine Bureaucracy: Manufacturing-oriented organizations.
    • Professional Bureaucracy: Technical core/administrative support.
    • Innovative: Creativity-focused organizations.
    • Missionary: Organizations centered around ideology.
    • Political: Flexible, often temporary organizations.

Organizational Growth

  • Entrepreneurial: Founder-driven organization.
  • Collectivity: Reaffirming goals and adapting structure for achievement.
  • Formalization: Development of rules and procedures.
  • Elaboration: Embrace collaboration and leadership.

Innovation Types

  • Product innovation: Creating new products.
  • Process innovation: Improving efficiency/organization.

Organizational Behavior

  • Management: Planning, staffing, organizing, directing, controlling.
  • Leadership: Non-transactional, transactional, transformational styles.
  • Power: Legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, expert, information.
  • Diversity: Internal and external factors.

Profit and Market Equilibrium

  • Profit = Revenue - Cost
  • Law of Demand: Demand decreases as price increases.
  • Law of Supply: Supply increases as price increases.
  • Market Equilibrium: Supply and demand are equal.
  • Market Surplus: Supply exceeds demand.
  • Market Shortage: Demand exceeds supply.

Facility Management

  • Facility types: Single-purpose, multipurpose, non-traditional.
  • Facility management positions: Facility director, operations manager, event coordinator.
  • Event management plan steps: Scheduling, negotiating, coordinating, staging, cleaning, evaluating.

Professional Sport

  • Sectors: Public, Non-profit, Commercial.
  • Professional sport players: Labour, Management, Governance (independence, cooperation).
  • League office roles: League commissioner, board of governors, central administration unit.
  • Financial considerations: Free agency, salary caps.

Sport Marketing

  • Marketing of sport: Targeting consumers directly with sport-related products.
  • Marketing through sport: Non-sport companies using sport to promote their products.
  • Sport Marketing Characteristics: Intangibility, emotional connection, subjectivity, social consumption, inconsistency, perishability.

Marketing Plan Stages

  • Identify purpose (goals & objectives).
  • Analyze product attributes (event, product extensions, support services, tangible goods).
  • Analyze market conditions (past/current/future, SWOT analysis).
  • Position the product (brand awareness, image, equity, loyalty).
  • Segment customers (demographics, geographics, psychographics, benefits, behaviour).
  • Package the product (core product, product extensions, merchandise, brand associations).
  • Develop pricing strategies (consumer, competitor, company, climate factors).
  • Promote the product (advertising, publicity, sales promotions, public relations, community relations, media relations, personal selling).
  • Place the product (geographic targeting, distribution channels).
  • Evaluate the plan (feedback from internal/external sources).

Sport Communication

  • Frameworks: Genres, context, process.
  • Communication Types: Personal, organizational, mediated.
  • Communication Services: Integrated market communication, public relations, crisis communication, research.
  • Communication Models: One-way (publicity, public information), two-way (asymmetrical, symmetrical).

Sport Consumer Behaviour

  • Influences: Situational (physical, social, task, temporal, antecedent states), internal (motives, perceptions, attitudes, experience, involvement, identification), external (reference groups, socialization, subcultures, marketing).
  • Decision process: Need recognition, information search, evaluation, purchase, post-purchase evaluation.
  • Motivation types: Diversion, eustress, economic gain, aesthetics, affiliation, socialization.

Sport Marketing Agencies

  • Agency functions: Planning, sponsorship, event creation, negotiation, marketing, communication, financial planning, research, evaluation.
  • Agency types: General, specialty.
  • Agency challenges: Athlete representation changes, sponsorship reduction, short-term projects, internal consulting.

Managerial Leadership Skills

  • Skills: Marketing, sales, correspondence, public speaking, community relations, record-keeping, professional perspective, norms (explicit, implicit), ethical decision-making, career readiness.

Career Planning Steps

  • Self-assessment: Values, interests, skills.
  • Occupational research: Nature, earnings, qualifications, outlook, opportunities, related occupations.

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