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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'polyphyletic' group refer to?
What does the term 'polyphyletic' group refer to?
- A group formed by organisms that have evolved similar traits through convergence.
- A group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all its members. (correct)
- A group that contains only organisms with homologous traits.
- A group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.
Which of the following best describes homologous traits?
Which of the following best describes homologous traits?
- Traits that arise from environmental adaptations.
- Traits that have evolved independently in different lineages.
- Traits that are specific to a single organism.
- Traits that are similar due to shared ancestry. (correct)
In a paraphyletic group, what is characteristic about the organisms included?
In a paraphyletic group, what is characteristic about the organisms included?
- Some descendants of a common ancestor are excluded from the group. (correct)
- They must all share a single derived trait.
- They are randomly selected without regard to ancestry.
- They include all descendants of a common ancestor.
What is a key feature of a polyphyletic group?
What is a key feature of a polyphyletic group?
Which statement correctly describes homologous structures?
Which statement correctly describes homologous structures?
What primary function do archaeocytes serve in sponges?
What primary function do archaeocytes serve in sponges?
Which material can spicules produced by archaeocytes be made from?
Which material can spicules produced by archaeocytes be made from?
What role do pinacocytes play in sponges?
What role do pinacocytes play in sponges?
What is the significance of the mesophyll layer within sponges?
What is the significance of the mesophyll layer within sponges?
How do sponges benefit from the structure formed by archaeocytes and sclerocytes?
How do sponges benefit from the structure formed by archaeocytes and sclerocytes?
What distinguishes the function of the inhalent canal from the exhalent canal in sponges?
What distinguishes the function of the inhalent canal from the exhalent canal in sponges?
What type of cells are responsible for producing spicules?
What type of cells are responsible for producing spicules?
Which statement about sponge reproduction is correct?
Which statement about sponge reproduction is correct?
What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?
What is the primary function of choanocytes in sponges?
What is a characteristic of a paraphyletic group?
What is a characteristic of a paraphyletic group?
Which statement best explains why biologists prefer monophyletic groupings?
Which statement best explains why biologists prefer monophyletic groupings?
What does it mean for a group to be phylogenetically simplified?
What does it mean for a group to be phylogenetically simplified?
Why are paraphyletic groups often seen as problematic in biological classifications?
Why are paraphyletic groups often seen as problematic in biological classifications?
Which of the following statements is true about characteristics of groups in taxonomy?
Which of the following statements is true about characteristics of groups in taxonomy?
What defines radial symmetry in organisms?
What defines radial symmetry in organisms?
Which statement is true about bilateral symmetry?
Which statement is true about bilateral symmetry?
How many axes can an organism with radial symmetry typically be split along?
How many axes can an organism with radial symmetry typically be split along?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with bilateral symmetry?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with bilateral symmetry?
What is a common example of an organism with radial symmetry?
What is a common example of an organism with radial symmetry?
What is a significant limitation of bilateral symmetry?
What is a significant limitation of bilateral symmetry?
In which scenario would radial symmetry be advantageous?
In which scenario would radial symmetry be advantageous?
Which of the following best describes how humans exemplify bilateral symmetry?
Which of the following best describes how humans exemplify bilateral symmetry?
What is a key characteristic of trees mentioned in the content?
What is a key characteristic of trees mentioned in the content?
How are members of a group related according to the content?
How are members of a group related according to the content?
Which statement best reflects the concept of sister taxa?
Which statement best reflects the concept of sister taxa?
What does the content imply about the importance of organization in groups?
What does the content imply about the importance of organization in groups?
What aspect of cladistics is highlighted in the content?
What aspect of cladistics is highlighted in the content?
What does parsimony refer to in the context given?
What does parsimony refer to in the context given?
Which of the following is true about branch lengths in trees?
Which of the following is true about branch lengths in trees?
How does the content view cleanliness and organization in relation to groups?
How does the content view cleanliness and organization in relation to groups?
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Study Notes
Sponges
- Water Flow: Water enters through inhalent canals and exits through exhalent canals.
- Archaeocytes: Amoeboid cells that can differentiate into other cell types.
- Functions: Digestion, spicule formation, nutrient distribution.
- Spicules: Structural components of the sponge made from silica, spongin, or calcium carbonate.
- Pinacocytes: Flattened cells that form the outer layer of the sponge.
- Function: Protection and structural support.
- Mesophyll: The gelatinous layer between the pinacocytes and the inner layer of the sponge.
- Functions: Provides support and houses the sponge's cells, including sclerocytes and archaeocytes.
Radial Symmetry
- Definition: An organism can be divided into equal parts along multiple axes.
- Example: A starfish can be split in half in multiple ways while maintaining equal halves.
Body Plan Symmetry
- Bilateral Symmetry: An organism can be divided into two mirror-image halves along a single axis, like humans.
- Polyphyletic Groups: Organisms with a similar trait based on a shared ancestor.
- Paraphyletic Groups: A group that contains some, but not all of the descendants of a common ancestor.
Cladistics
- Parsimony: The principle that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is likely the most accurate.
- Phylogenetic Tree: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups.
- Node: A point on a phylogenetic tree where a branch splits, representing a common ancestor.
- Branch Length: The distance between nodes in a phylogenetic tree depicting the evolutionary distance between species.
- Sister Groups: Two taxa that share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with any other taxon.
Monophyletic Groups
- Definition: A group that includes all descendants of a common ancestor.
- Importance: Biologists prefer monophyletic groups because they reflect evolutionary relationships more accurately.
- Advantages: Clean and organized, with a clear evolutionary story.
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