Spinal Cord and Central Nervous System Anatomy

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What is the main function of the external intercostal muscles?

Compress the thoracic cavity during expiration

Control the vertical dimension of the thorax

Expand the thoracic cavity for inspiration (correct)

Decrease the size of the thoracic cavity

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Intercostal nerves

Cranial nerve 11

Spinal roots at C1 and C2

Phrenic nerve (correct)

What is the consequence of a complete transection of the spinal cord?

Partial sensory loss below the injury point

Complete motor and sensory loss at and below the injury point (correct)

Partial motor loss at the injury point

Complete motor loss above the injury point

Which muscle group is responsible for decreasing the vertical dimension of the thorax?

Rectus Abdominus Signup and view all the answers

Injuries above which level in the thoracic spinal cord will impair inspiratory capacity more severely?

T6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sternocleidomastoid muscle contraction in cases of C4 injuries?

Elevate clavicle and rib cage Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spinal cord housed?

Within the vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system collects peripheral afferent inputs from body extremities?

Spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons do spinal nerves consist of?

Both sensory and motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons?

Gray matter Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of epidural injections around the spinal cord?

To relieve chronic back pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid around the spinal cord?

Protects the spinal cord from trauma Signup and view all the answers

Where does the spinal cord terminate/originate?

At the lumbar 1 level Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuromuscular spindles?

Provide afferent info about muscle length Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system controls tonic muscle tone and responses to sudden environmental changes?

Interneurons in the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus causes the hand withdrawal reflex?

A painful stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of tapping the patellar tendon on muscle action?

Contracts quadriceps muscles via a reflex arc Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of reflexes involving spinal cord ganglia?

They involve clusters of sensory and motor cell bodies Signup and view all the answers