40 Questions
What is the most common congenital deformity of the foot?
Talipes Equinovarus
What is characterized by internal tibial torsion, plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction of the forefoot?
Talipes Equinovarus
What is the least common pattern of scoliosis?
Lumbar
What is associated with abnormal posture, muscle spasm, tumors, inflammation, etc.?
Non-Structural scoliosis
What is managed through serial casting, corrective surgery, or shoe correction?
Talipes Equinovarus
What should be done frequently according to nursing interventions?
Change diapers
What is assessed by checking the infant’s toes for coldness or cyanosis?
Circulation
What is watched to turn pink to assess for good circulation?
Toenail bed
What is the characteristic of Spina bifida occulta in the lumbosacral area?
The posterior vertebral arches fail to close.
What is the common symptom of meningocoele in infants?
Bulging anterior fontanel
What is the purpose of Kernig's Sign?
To assess for meningeal irritation
How long does it take for the scabies life cycle to complete?
10-17 days
What is the characteristic of Myelomeningocele?
Protrusion of meninges, CSF, nerve roots, and portion of spinal cord
What is the result of a positive Brudzinski Sign?
Reflex flexion of the hip and knee
What is the primary mode of transmission of scabies?
Through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact
How long can a scabies mite live on the human body?
4-6 weeks
What is the common symptom of meningocoele in adults?
Vomiting and diarrhea
What is the characteristic of the sac in Myelomeningocele?
It is covered by a thin membrane that may rupture or leak
What is NOT a treatment option for scabies?
Antibiotics
What is a risk associated with using Lindane 1% to treat scabies in children?
Transcutaneous absorption leading to neurotoxicity
What is the assessment of Spina bifida occulta based on?
Signs and symptoms that vary depending on age group
How fast does the scabies mite travel on the skin surface?
1”/min
What is NOT a characteristic of scabies mites?
They can jump from one person to another
What does a negative skin scraping NOT rule out?
Scabies infestation
What is the primary characteristic of Structural Scoliosis?
A lateral spine curve that cannot be fully corrected by lateral flexion
What is the percentage of idiopathic cases of Structural Scoliosis?
65%
What is the primary goal of nurses in providing care to children with Structural Scoliosis?
Providing emotional support and orientation to the family
What is the benefit of introducing deep-breathing exercises and incentive spirometry to children before surgery?
To increase lung function postoperatively
How can nurses help families establish a therapeutic environment for the care of an ill child?
By performing several interventions that promote comfort, safety, and continued growth and development
What is the role of nurses in preparing children and families for an illness experience?
Providing emotional support and orientation to the family
Why is it important for nurses to advocate for open parental visiting and overnight stay policies?
To reduce the emotional distress of the family
What is the significance of the nursing role in caring for an ill child?
It goes beyond just providing information on what to expect throughout an illness
What is the common outcome of the basic body changes that occur when a person is dying?
Death of all vital body systems
What is a common indicator of poor oxygenation in a dying person?
Pale, cyanotic, mottled, and cool skin
What happens to a dying person's sense of hearing?
They can only hear what is distinctly spoken
What is a common behavioral indicator of pain in a dying person who is unable to talk?
Restlessness, tight muscles, and facial expressions
What happens to a dying person's eyes?
They can only see what is near
What happens to a dying person's sense of touch?
It is diminished, and response to pressure is last to leave
What can happen to a dying person just before death?
They might rally
What happens to a dying person's pupils?
They might react sluggishly or not at all to light
Study Notes
Spina Bifida
- Posterior vertebral arches fail to close in the lumbosacral area
- Spinal cord intact; not visible
- Meninges not exposed on the skin surfaces
Types of Spina Bifida
- Spina bifida occulta: posterior vertebral arches fail to close in the lumbosacral area
- Meningocoele: protrusion involves meninges and a sac-like structure
- Myelomeningocele: protrusion of meninges, CSF, nerve roots, and portion of spinal cord
Assessment
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on age group
- Fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, poor feeding or anorexia, altered LOC
- Bulging anterior fontanel, nuchal rigidity, Kernig's Sign, and Brudzinski Sign
Talipes Equinovarus
- Most common congenital deformity of the foot
- Characterized by internal tibial torsion, plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction of the forefoot
- Managed through serial casting, corrective surgery, or shoe correction
Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the vertebral column
- Non-structural scoliosis: not associated with any true structural deformity at the vertebra
- Structural scoliosis: lateral spine curve that cannot be fully corrected by lateral flexion, associated with bony changes and fixed rotatory deformity
Nursing Interventions
- Change diapers frequently
- Teach parents on:
- How to check the infant's toes for coldness or cyanosis
- How to blanch a toenail bed and watch it turn pink to assess for good circulation
- How to perform passive foot exercises
Scabies
- Caused by a mite that burrows into the skin
- Mode of transmission: direct, prolonged, skin-to-skin contact with a person infested with scabies
- Life cycle: adult mites, eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adult mites
- Treatment: topical scabicide (e.g., 5% Permethrin cream, 10% crotamiton lotion, Lindane 1%)
Death and Dying
- Causes of death vary, but basic body changes lead to death of all vital body systems
- Pulmonary changes: unable to oxygenate the body, assess for poor oxygenation
- Cardiovascular changes: large load on heart, heart not getting needed oxygen, blood backs up causing failure
- Blood circulation changes: blood backs up causing pulmonary and liver congestion
- Neurologic decline: specific sensory decline, pain, and further neurologic decline at death
A quiz on Spina Bifida Occulta, a type of spinal cord defect characterized by the failure of posterior vertebral arches to close in the lumbosacral area. Learn about its signs and symptoms.
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