Specific Learning Disorder (SpLD) Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the three subtypes of Specific Learning Disorders (SpLD) according to DSM-V?

Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, and Dyscalculia.

What are some clinical features associated with Dyslexia?

Difficulty in reading fluency, decoding words, and understanding text.

Describe one feature of assessment tools used in diagnosing SpLD.

They measure academic skills relative to peers and assess cognitive processing abilities.

What are the five hypotheses regarding the causes of SpLD?

<p>Genetic, neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, environmental, and educational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a deficit that people with SpLD might experience in daily living.

<p>Struggles with organizing tasks or managing time effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a specific learning disorder have on children's academic performance?

<p>It interferes with their school performance, resulting in well below average skills for their age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one symptom of specific learning disorder related to word reading.

<p>Individuals may read single words incorrectly, slowly, or hesitantly and frequently guess words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four diagnostic criteria used to identify specific learning disorder?

<p>They are based on a clinical synthesis of history, school reports, and psychoeducational assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What difficulties may adults with specific learning disorder face in their daily lives?

<p>They may avoid activities that require academic skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a symptom related to difficulties with spelling in specific learning disorder.

<p>Individuals may add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants in their writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain one way specific learning disorder affects mathematical skills.

<p>Individuals may have poor understanding of numbers and count on fingers to add single-digit numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way a difficulty with written expression manifests in individuals with specific learning disorder?

<p>They may produce sentences with multiple grammatical or punctuation errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of specific learning disorder to be considered?

<p>Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months despite targeted interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes specific learning disorders in individuals?

<p>They are substantially below expected academic skills for their age and significantly interfere with performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one documented way to demonstrate impairing learning difficulties in individuals aged 17 years and older?

<p>A documented history of such difficulties may substitute standardized assessments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how academic demands can affect the manifestation of learning difficulties.

<p>Learning difficulties can surface when academic demands exceed the individual's abilities, especially under pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does specific learning disorder with impairment in reading present?

<p>It may involve deficits in word reading accuracy, reading fluency, and reading comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficits are associated with specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression?

<p>Deficits may include spelling accuracy, grammar and punctuation accuracy, and clarity or organization of writing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one of the key components affected in specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics.

<p>Key components include number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, and accurate calculations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the DSM-5 diagnostic code for specific learning disorder with impairment in reading?

<p>The diagnostic code is 315.00.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors must not be present for a diagnosis of a specific learning disorder?

<p>The learning difficulties cannot be better accounted for by intellectual disabilities or inadequate educational instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three levels of severity defined for specific learning disorder?

<p>Mild, Moderate, and Severe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mild specific learning disorder?

<p>Some difficulties learning skills in one or two academic domains but manageable with accommodations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does moderate specific learning disorder differ from mild?

<p>It involves marked learning difficulties that require intensive teaching and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does severe specific learning disorder entail?

<p>Severe difficulties in multiple academic domains requiring ongoing intensive individualized teaching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define developmental learning disorder with impairment in reading.

<p>It involves persistent difficulties in reading accuracy, fluency, and comprehension, below expected levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors must be ruled out to diagnose a reading impairment?

<p>Intellectual disorders, sensory impairments, neurological disorder, and lack of education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an individual with moderate learning disorder need support services?

<p>To complete activities accurately and efficiently due to their marked learning difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can accommodations impact individuals with mild learning disorders?

<p>Accommodations can help individuals compensate and function effectively in academic settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the commonly found deficits in Hong Kong students related to reading?

<p>Phonological retrieval and orthographic awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do multidisciplinary approaches contribute to managing people with Specific Learning Disorders (SpLD)?

<p>They involve collaboration among various professionals to conduct assessments and provide training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can teachers be supported in their role regarding students with SpLD?

<p>Through educational workshops and recommendations for environmental accommodations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a developmental learning disorder with impairment in written expression?

<p>It involves significant difficulties in learning academic writing skills such as spelling, grammar, and organization, leading to performance below expected levels and significant impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of multimodal strategies in teaching mathematics to students with SpLD?

<p>To facilitate understanding of multistep processes in division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two key skills that may be affected in a developmental learning disorder with impairment in mathematics.

<p>Number sense and accurate calculation are two key skills that may be affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can assessment and training tools be designed for individuals with SpLD?

<p>By identifying specific needs and integrating effective instructional strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are developmental learning disorders distinguished from other conditions like intellectual disabilities?

<p>They are not caused by intellectual development disorders or other impairments, but rather represent specific academic skill deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of significant impairment in academic functioning due to these disorders?

<p>It can lead to challenges in both academic and occupational performance, affecting overall life opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why proficiency in the language of academic instruction is not a factor in developmental learning disorders.

<p>These disorders occur independently of language proficiency, signifying that the issues are specific to academic skills rather than language understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Specific Learning Disorder (SpLD) Overview

  • SpLD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological origin.
  • It involves cognitive abnormalities, and is linked to behavioral signs
  • Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors interact to cause SpLD.
  • The disorder can be passed to subsequent generations (e.g., siblings).
  • SpLD comes with neuroanatomical abnormalities, frequently related to cell migration during gestation.

Learning Objectives

  • Students will be able to identify the three subtypes of SpLD under DSM-V.
  • Students will be able to point out the clinical characteristics of each SpLD subtype.
  • Students will be able to describe SpLD assessment tools for diagnosis.
  • Students will be able to summarize the five hypotheses about SpLD.
  • Students will be able to give examples demonstrating how SpLD affects daily living.
  • Students will start to think about the role of an occupational therapist in SpLD management.

Essential Features of SpLD

  • Individuals with SpLD experience persistent difficulties learning core academic skills.
  • The difficulties start during the formal schooling years.
  • Academic performance is well below average for the individual's age.
  • In children, SpLD can affect school performance. In adults, it can lead to avoidance of activities requiring academic skills.

DSM-5 Criteria of SpLD

  • Four diagnostic criteria must be met to diagnose SpLD.
  • The diagnosis is based on a clinical synthesis of the individual's history (developmental, medical, family, educational), school reports, and psychoeducational assessments.
  • Criterion A: individuals with SpLD experience persistent difficulties learning using academic skills for at least six months, despite interventions aimed at improving skills.
  • Criterion B: Affected academic skills are significantly below expected levels for the individual's chronological age.
  • Criterion C: Learning difficulties begin during the school-age years.
  • Criterion D: Learning difficulties cannot be explained by other conditions.

DSM-5 Criteria of SpLD (Specific Examples)

  • Difficulty with reading words (i.e., reading single words aloud incorrectly, slowly; guessing words frequently; difficulty sounding out).
  • Understanding the meanings of what is read.
  • Difficulties with spelling (substituting, omitting, or adding vowels/consonants).
  • Difficulties with written expression (multiple grammatical/punctuation errors within sentences, poor paragraph organization, poor idea clarity).
  • Difficulty with math (number sense, magnitude, and relationships; counting fingers to perform math, lost in computation, wrong arithmetic procedures).
  • Difficulty with mathematical reasoning.

Criterion B

  • Affected academic skills are substantially below expected levels for the individual's age, and directly interferes with academic/occupational performance and/or daily living activities.
  • It's confirmed by standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessments.

Criterion C

  • Learning difficulties start during school age and may only become fully obvious when academic demands exceed available learning capacities.

Criterion D

  • SpLD is not caused by intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual/auditory impairments, other mental/neurological conditions, psychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency in language of academic instruction, or inadequate educational instruction

Types of SpLD

  • Reading: Impairment in word reading accuracy, reading rate/fluency, and reading comprehension.
  • Written Expression: Spelling accuracy, grammar/punctuation accuracy, and clarity/organization of written expression.
  • Mathematics: Number sense, memorizing/calculating math facts, fluent calculation, and mathematical reasoning

Common Assessment Tools in Hong Kong (HKT-P(II)/HKT-JS-II)

  • Hong Kong Test
  • Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III)
  • Woodcock-Johnson tests

Role of Occupational Therapists in SpLD

  • OTs do not make diagnoses.
  • OTs provide supplementary information about underlying problems (e.g., attention, working memory, information processing speed, organization, visual/auditory perception).
  • OTs also provide supplementary information on related functions, e.g., visual-motor control, ocular-motor control, fine motor skills, and sensory processing.

Common Assessment Tools for OTs

  • Smart Handwriting Analysis and Recognition Platform (SHARP)
  • Computerized Handwriting Speed Test System (CHSTS-II)
  • Copying Speed Test for Secondary School Students (CST-HK)
  • Beery-Buktenica Visual Motor Integration (VMI-6)
  • Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-3)
  • Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-4)
  • Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM)
  • Grooved Pegboard Test

Hypotheses of SpLD

  • (1) Phonological Deficit: Underlying difficulty decoding words and linking sounds to letters/representation.
  • (2) Automatization Deficit: Challenge automating cognitive/motor skills.
  • (3) Cerebellar Deficit: Problems with coordination and automaticity affecting various tasks.
  • (4) Magnocellular Deficit: Processing visual/auditory information inadequately and struggling to perform reading accurately.
  • (5) Executive Function Deficits: Demonstrating many neurocognitive deficits, not limited to phonology.

Prevalence

  • SpLD affects 5-15% of people across reading, writing, and mathematics domains.
  • SpLD has high heritability.

Special Issue: Chinese word

  • Specific language differences between Chinese and English reading and writing in children with SpLD

Dyslexia: Specific Characteristics

  • Normal intelligence.
  • Deficits in nervous system aspects.
  • Impaired multiple cognitive abilities, not just single aspects, e.g. long-term memory, working memory, sequencing, organization.
  • Specific deficits identified often include phonological retrieval and orthographic awareness.

Management of SpLD

  • Multidisciplinary approach, including psychologists, pediatricians, speech therapists, occupational therapy, physical therapy, social workers and school staff.
  • Comprehensive assessment is crucial.
  • Skills training and accommodation are key to improving learning.
  • Educational resources and support are extremely important.

Example Strategies

  • Use multimodal strategies to teach complex mathematical steps.

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Specific Learning Disorder PDF

Description

This quiz provides an overview of Specific Learning Disorders (SpLD), focusing on their neurodevelopmental origins, subtypes, and assessment tools. Students will learn to identify characteristics of SpLD and the role of occupational therapy in its management. Test your knowledge about the complexities and implications of SpLD.

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