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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mitochondria in sperm cells?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in sperm cells?
- To store genetic information
- To provide energy for movement (correct)
- To break down nutrients for energy
- To assist in cell division
What unique characteristic allows red blood cells to carry more oxygen?
What unique characteristic allows red blood cells to carry more oxygen?
- No nucleus (correct)
- High carbon dioxide affinity
- Biconcave shape
- Presence of hemoglobin
Which specialized cell is primarily involved in the absorption of water in plants?
Which specialized cell is primarily involved in the absorption of water in plants?
- Root hair cell (correct)
- Ciliated epithelial cell
- Palisade cell
- Sperm cell
What adaptation allows muscle cells to assist in movement?
What adaptation allows muscle cells to assist in movement?
What function does the large surface area of a root hair cell serve?
What function does the large surface area of a root hair cell serve?
What process describes the transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant?
What process describes the transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant?
What happens to guard cells when water pressure is high?
What happens to guard cells when water pressure is high?
What is the primary function of palisade cells in a plant?
What is the primary function of palisade cells in a plant?
What characteristic of phloem cells supports its function in nutrient transport?
What characteristic of phloem cells supports its function in nutrient transport?
Which of the following components are involved in the gas exchange process in plants?
Which of the following components are involved in the gas exchange process in plants?
What process allows plant roots to absorb water from the soil?
What process allows plant roots to absorb water from the soil?
What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
What is the primary function of xylem in plants?
Which component of the plant cell is crucial for the absorption of water through osmosis in root hair cells?
Which component of the plant cell is crucial for the absorption of water through osmosis in root hair cells?
What role do guard cells play in relation to stomata?
What role do guard cells play in relation to stomata?
How does active transport differ from osmosis in terms of substance movement?
How does active transport differ from osmosis in terms of substance movement?
What is the primary function of root hair cells in plants?
What is the primary function of root hair cells in plants?
Which statement accurately describes xylem tissue?
Which statement accurately describes xylem tissue?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with specialized plant cells?
Which feature is NOT typically associated with specialized plant cells?
What role do guard cells play in plant cells?
What role do guard cells play in plant cells?
What is a key characteristic of root hair cells that aids in their function?
What is a key characteristic of root hair cells that aids in their function?
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Study Notes
Specialisation in Animal Cells
- Stem cells undergo mitosis and have the unique ability to differentiate into specialized cells.
- Sperm cells possess mitochondria for energy, enabling movement, and contain digestive enzymes for penetrating egg cells.
- Red blood cells lack a nucleus, facilitating a higher oxygen-carrying capacity and efficient carbon dioxide transport.
- Root hair cells feature a large surface area, optimizing water absorption.
- Adaptations are specific characteristics that enhance cell function.
Examples of Specialised Cells
- Ciliated epithelial cells are located in respiratory pathways, aiding in moving mucus and particles.
- Muscle cells can change length, essential for mobility.
- Palisade cells are rich in chloroplasts, crucial for photosynthesis in plants.
- Nerve cells can extend up to 2 meters for signal transmission throughout the body.
Water Transport in Plants
- Water moves from soil to the atmosphere starting with root absorption.
- Osmosis allows root hair cells to absorb water, supported by mitochondria for transport energy.
- Xylem vessels conduct water upwards through transpiration, ensuring one-way flow.
- Water evaporates from stomata in leaves, regulated by guard cells.
Plant Cells and Substance Absorption
- Plant cells absorb water via osmosis and mineral ions through active transport, requiring energy.
- Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, vital for nutrient uptake.
Specialisation in Plant Cells
- Cells are specifically adapted to perform distinct functions.
- Wax cuticles protect epidermal cells, while guard cells regulate stomatal openings.
- Palisade cells are densely packed with chloroplasts for maximum sunlight absorption.
Root Hair Cells
- Root hair cells enhance water absorption by providing a vast surface area.
- Abundant mitochondria within these cells facilitate the transportation of water and minerals.
Xylem Functionality
- Xylem transports water and solutes from roots to leaves via transpiration.
- Composed of dead cells with thick, lignin-stiffened walls, ensuring efficient one-way flow.
Phloem Characteristics
- Phloem transports food from leaves to other plant parts, functioning as a living tissue.
- Translocation delivers organic nutrients like glucose throughout the plant.
- Features perforated sieve plates in narrow tubes, allowing for two-way flow of water and food.
Guard Cells and Stomata
- Comprising two guard cells, stomata allow gas exchange and help prevent water loss.
- Open when water pressure is high and close when low, facilitating carbon dioxide intake and oxygen release.
Palisade Cells
- Contain numerous chloroplasts necessary for photosynthesis.
- Pack closely in the palisade mesophyll, maximizing light absorption for efficient photosynthesis.
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