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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are considered basic taste sensations?
Which of the following are considered basic taste sensations?
The vestibular apparatus is responsible for monitoring static equilibrium only.
The vestibular apparatus is responsible for monitoring static equilibrium only.
False
What role do taste buds play in the sensory system?
What role do taste buds play in the sensory system?
Taste buds detect and identify different taste sensations.
The _________ monitors dynamic equilibrium in the vestibular system.
The _________ monitors dynamic equilibrium in the vestibular system.
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Match the components of the eye with their functions:
Match the components of the eye with their functions:
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Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light into signals for the brain?
Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light into signals for the brain?
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Taste is solely determined by taste buds without any influence from other senses.
Taste is solely determined by taste buds without any influence from other senses.
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What is the function of vestibular receptors?
What is the function of vestibular receptors?
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The _________ is a region at the back of the eye responsible for sharp vision.
The _________ is a region at the back of the eye responsible for sharp vision.
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Match the following sense organs with their primary functions:
Match the following sense organs with their primary functions:
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Which type of papillae contains taste buds?
Which type of papillae contains taste buds?
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The sense of smell has no influence on taste.
The sense of smell has no influence on taste.
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What are the five basic taste sensations?
What are the five basic taste sensations?
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The __________ gland in the lacrimal apparatus secretes tears.
The __________ gland in the lacrimal apparatus secretes tears.
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Match the following taste sensations with their sources:
Match the following taste sensations with their sources:
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Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensations?
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensations?
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There are more taste buds located in the mouth than on the tongue.
There are more taste buds located in the mouth than on the tongue.
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How many basic taste sensations are there?
How many basic taste sensations are there?
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The fibrous, vascular, and sensory layers compose the __________ of the eyeball.
The fibrous, vascular, and sensory layers compose the __________ of the eyeball.
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Which of the following statements about extrinsic eye muscles is true?
Which of the following statements about extrinsic eye muscles is true?
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What is the primary function of the sclera?
What is the primary function of the sclera?
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The cornea is located posteriorly in the eye.
The cornea is located posteriorly in the eye.
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What are the two layers of the retina?
What are the two layers of the retina?
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The _____ regulates the amount of light entering the eye during different lighting conditions.
The _____ regulates the amount of light entering the eye during different lighting conditions.
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Match the part of the eye with its description:
Match the part of the eye with its description:
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Which layer of the eye is responsible for supplying blood to all eye tunics?
Which layer of the eye is responsible for supplying blood to all eye tunics?
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Rods are responsible for color vision in bright light.
Rods are responsible for color vision in bright light.
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What prevents light from scattering in the eye?
What prevents light from scattering in the eye?
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The central opening of the iris is known as the _____ .
The central opening of the iris is known as the _____ .
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What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?
What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?
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What is the main function of the vitreous humor in the eye?
What is the main function of the vitreous humor in the eye?
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The anterior segment of the eye contains the vitreous humor.
The anterior segment of the eye contains the vitreous humor.
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What is the distance known as the far point of vision?
What is the distance known as the far point of vision?
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The _________ is the clear gel filling the posterior segment of the eye.
The _________ is the clear gel filling the posterior segment of the eye.
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Match the following eye components with their functions:
Match the following eye components with their functions:
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Which of the following best describes the lens of the eye?
Which of the following best describes the lens of the eye?
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Light that comes from a distance requires significant adjustment for proper focusing.
Light that comes from a distance requires significant adjustment for proper focusing.
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What fluid is responsible for supporting, nourishing, and removing wastes in the anterior segment of the eye?
What fluid is responsible for supporting, nourishing, and removing wastes in the anterior segment of the eye?
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The pathway of light entering the eye is cornea, aqueous humor, _________, vitreous humor, and retinal layer.
The pathway of light entering the eye is cornea, aqueous humor, _________, vitreous humor, and retinal layer.
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What happens to the lens as a person ages?
What happens to the lens as a person ages?
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Which of the following processes is NOT involved in close vision?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in close vision?
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Rods are sensitive to bright light and provide high-resolution vision.
Rods are sensitive to bright light and provide high-resolution vision.
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What is the primary function of photopigments found in rods and cones?
What is the primary function of photopigments found in rods and cones?
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The ______ are responsible for detailed and high-resolution vision.
The ______ are responsible for detailed and high-resolution vision.
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Match the following parts of the ear with their respective functions:
Match the following parts of the ear with their respective functions:
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What is the role of the ciliary muscles during close vision?
What is the role of the ciliary muscles during close vision?
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The ear has three parts: inner, outer, and external.
The ear has three parts: inner, outer, and external.
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What do rods contribute to vision?
What do rods contribute to vision?
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Convergence involves the medial rotation of the eyeballs towards the ______.
Convergence involves the medial rotation of the eyeballs towards the ______.
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Which part of the ear functions in both hearing and balance?
Which part of the ear functions in both hearing and balance?
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What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane?
What is the primary function of the tympanic membrane?
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The ossicles in the middle ear are responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the eardrum.
The ossicles in the middle ear are responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the eardrum.
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Name the two sacs found in the vestibule of the inner ear.
Name the two sacs found in the vestibule of the inner ear.
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The __________ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and helps equalize pressure.
The __________ connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and helps equalize pressure.
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Match the parts of the ear with their functions:
Match the parts of the ear with their functions:
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What is the primary function of the crista ampullaris?
What is the primary function of the crista ampullaris?
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The scala media is filled with perilymph.
The scala media is filled with perilymph.
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Which structure in the inner ear is primarily responsible for hearing?
Which structure in the inner ear is primarily responsible for hearing?
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What is housed in the ampulla of each semicircular canal?
What is housed in the ampulla of each semicircular canal?
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The perilymph is a fluid found in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.
The perilymph is a fluid found in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.
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What are maculae, and what do they respond to?
What are maculae, and what do they respond to?
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The __________ is a spiral, conical chamber that contains the organ of Corti.
The __________ is a spiral, conical chamber that contains the organ of Corti.
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Match the following components of the cochlea with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the cochlea with their descriptions:
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The __________ is the thin tissue that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
The __________ is the thin tissue that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
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Which receptor is primarily involved in maintaining static equilibrium?
Which receptor is primarily involved in maintaining static equilibrium?
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What is the role of the semicircular canals?
What is the role of the semicircular canals?
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The semicircular canals are responsible for monitoring both static and dynamic equilibrium.
The semicircular canals are responsible for monitoring both static and dynamic equilibrium.
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What is the role of hair cells in the crista ampullaris?
What is the role of hair cells in the crista ampullaris?
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The gel-like mass that extends from the hair cells in the crista is called the __________.
The gel-like mass that extends from the hair cells in the crista is called the __________.
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Which of the following chambers of the cochlea is directly associated with hearing?
Which of the following chambers of the cochlea is directly associated with hearing?
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Study Notes
Special Senses
- Five major senses: touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing
- Touch is a large group of general senses
- The other four (smell, taste, sight, and hearing) are special senses.
- Equilibrium (balance) is a fifth special sense, located in the ear
- Special sensory receptors are localized in the head region
- Special sensory receptors are distinct from general sensory receptors, not free nerve endings
- Special sensory receptors are neuron-like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons that transfer sensory information to other neurons in afferent pathways to the brain.
Chemical Senses - Taste and Smell
- Taste & smell receptors are chemoreceptors.
- They respond to chemical substances (food chemicals dissolved in saliva, and airborne substances (dissolved in nasal membranes).
Taste Buds
- Located primarily on the tongue's surface, with some in the palate, throat, cheeks and epiglottis
- Roughly 10,000 taste buds
- Three types of papillae (peg-like projections of tongue mucosa): filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate
- Fungiform papillae have taste buds on their apical surface, while circumvallate papillae have them on the side walls.
- Each taste bud is roughly 50-100 epithelial cells resembling a closed tulip
- Two cell types in each bud: gustatory cells (taste cells) and basal cells
- Gustatory hairs project from gustatory cells
- These hairs are bathed in saliva enabling dissolving molecules to stimulate taste
Taste Sensations
- Five basic taste sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
- Sweet: sugars, saccharin, alcohol, amino acids.
- Sour: hydrogen ions (acidic)
- Salty: metal ions
- Bitter: alkaloids like quinine and nicotine.
- Umami: amino acid glutamate.
Influences of Other Sensations in Taste
- Taste is 80% smell
- Temperature, touch, pressure, and pain (nociceptors) influence taste
- Taste is enhanced or diminished by temperature and texture
The Eye and Vision
- Approximately 70% of body's sensory receptors are in the eyes
- 40% of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information
- The anterior one-sixth of the eye is visible; the posterior five-sixths is inside the bony orbit
- The orbit also contains the optic nerve, blood vessels and eye muscles.
- Accessory structures include eyebrows, eyelids (palpebrae), conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus
Accessory Structures of the Eye
- Eyebrows: coarse hairs that shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent sweat from entering
- Eyelids (palpebrae): skin folds supported by tarsal plates that help shape and protect the eyes.
- The medial and lateral angles (canthi), or eye corners, where the eyelids meet.
- The lacrimal caruncle (a bit of flesh): located within the medial canthus, produces gritty eye sand.
- Conjunctiva: transparent membrane that lines the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) and over the anterior surface of the eye (bulbar conjunctiva)
The Ear and Equilibrium
- Three main regions: external (hearing), middle (hearing), and internal (hearing and balance)
- External ear includes the auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus
- Middle ear includes the tympanic membrane and auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes).
- Internal ear includes the bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth (semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea), sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium
Structure of the Eyeball
- The eyeball is generally shaped like a globe with an anterior and posterior pole.
- Posterior & Anterior chamber (separated by the lens)
- The anterior segment contains aqueous humor
- The posterior segment contains vitreous humor
- The external wail consists of three layers: Fibrous layer (cornea and sclera), Vascular layer (choroid, ciliary body, iris), and the Sensory layer (retina).
Regional Specializations of the Retina
- Ora serrata: the junction between the neural and pigmented layers posteriorly in the anterior part of the eye
- Macula lutea: posterior part of the eye containing high concentration of photoreceptors (cones) in the fovea centralis
- Fovea centralis: center of the macula lutea is called fovea
- Optic disc (blind spot) - area where optic nerve fibers leave the retina
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Description
Test your knowledge on the five major senses: touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing, along with the unique characteristics of special sensory receptors. This quiz also covers the chemical senses of taste and smell, highlighting where taste buds are located and how they function.
