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Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of the garrisons and fortresses built during the Spanish colonial era?
What was the purpose of the garrisons and fortresses built during the Spanish colonial era?
Which of the following best describes the features of military architecture during the Spanish colonial era?
Which of the following best describes the features of military architecture during the Spanish colonial era?
Which architectural style is specifically mentioned in the context of Spanish colonial architecture?
Which architectural style is specifically mentioned in the context of Spanish colonial architecture?
What significant phase in the development of architecture occurred with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565?
What significant phase in the development of architecture occurred with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565?
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What was the role of the Pueblo de Tondo during the Spanish colonial era?
What was the role of the Pueblo de Tondo during the Spanish colonial era?
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What type of project was assigned for completion by March 14, 2019, involving students?
What type of project was assigned for completion by March 14, 2019, involving students?
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Which year did Spaniards successfully occupy Manila, leading to significant architectural development?
Which year did Spaniards successfully occupy Manila, leading to significant architectural development?
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What was a primary goal of the Spanish colonial efforts in the Philippines during the 16th century?
What was a primary goal of the Spanish colonial efforts in the Philippines during the 16th century?
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What type of architecture was prominently established during the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines?
What type of architecture was prominently established during the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines?
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Which of the following factors significantly contributed to the urban transformation during the Spanish Colonial Era?
Which of the following factors significantly contributed to the urban transformation during the Spanish Colonial Era?
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What is the significance of the Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna Isabela II during the Spanish Colonial Era?
What is the significance of the Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna Isabela II during the Spanish Colonial Era?
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How did Spanish Colonialism influence architectural styles in the Philippines?
How did Spanish Colonialism influence architectural styles in the Philippines?
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Which of the following best describes a legacy of the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines?
Which of the following best describes a legacy of the Spanish Colonial Era in the Philippines?
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What was one of the lasting contributions of the Spanish Colonial Era to daily life in the Philippines?
What was one of the lasting contributions of the Spanish Colonial Era to daily life in the Philippines?
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Which of the following materials were predominantly used in the architectural styles during the Spanish Colonial period?
Which of the following materials were predominantly used in the architectural styles during the Spanish Colonial period?
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What role did Casa Aduana play during the Spanish Colonial Era?
What role did Casa Aduana play during the Spanish Colonial Era?
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Which aspect of the Spanish Colonial legacy involves cultural identity?
Which aspect of the Spanish Colonial legacy involves cultural identity?
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Which of the following best captures the essence of the architectural evolution during the Spanish Colonial period?
Which of the following best captures the essence of the architectural evolution during the Spanish Colonial period?
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Study Notes
Course Outline
- The course will cover the history of Philippine architecture, spanning several periods
- The periods include Pre-Hispanic, Spanish Colonial, American and Japanese, Post World War II, Late 20th Century, and the New Millennium
Spanish Colonial Era
- Architecture under Spain began with the permanent occupation of the islands in 1565
- The arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's expedition to Cebu marked an important period of development in Philippine architecture and urbanism
- Settlements were initially established in Cebu and Panay, then moved northward to Luzon, with the intent to conquer Muslim settlements in Manila
- In 1571, Spanish forces successfully occupied Manila
- They established colonial settlements, chapels, and forts
- Before Legazpi's death in 1572, he had already conquered much of the archipelago spreading Christianity and colonizing the islands
- Colonialism profoundly changed both the built environment and social/economic conditions in the Philippines
Colonial Urbanism
- The key elements of the Spanish colonial transformation:
- Reduccion: Forced urbanization programs and resettlement of indigenous lowland populations into larger urban communities for politico-religious transformation
- Land-use pattern (Encomienda System): Introduction of the concept of land as private property and the idea of capital
- Hierarchical Settlement System (Pueblos): The establishment of hierarchical settlement including Capitals (Pueblos), the core municipality (cabecera), adjacent Barangays (barrios), and large ranches/first haciendas (estancias)
- Cuadricula Planning: The creation and structuring of towns according to a grid (cuadricula) planning system with uniform streets and blocks (with the idea of a hierarchical fashion with a central plaza/plaza mayor symbolizing power)
- Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias): A set of planning guidelines for new colonial towns and territories created in 1573. This included establishing the church as a landmark and plaza public space.
- Grid pattern (Cuadricula): A system of streets and blocks laid out with uniform precision.
- Building Technologies: Introduction of building typologies and construction technologies using sturdier and more permanent building materials (as a contrast to indigenous architecture).
- 1590- The establishment of Manila as a walled city (Intramuros): Designed by a military engineer, Leonardo Turriano, in a style patterned after medieval European city fortresses. Its creation was under the guidance of Governor-General Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
Intramuros
- The walled city, Intramuros, was designed in 1590 based on medieval European city fortress designs under the supervision of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas and engineer Leonardo Turriano
- The extensive walls were 3,916 meters in perimeter using pentagonal patterns and volcanic tuff (adobe), brick, and filled in with earth. Native labor was used for the construction of the walls.
- Key features included:
- Stone landings for artillery/casa Matas
- Baluarte de San Diego/Bastion
- Garita or Watch Tower
- Entrance revellin bridge and Revellin
- Moat
- Gates of Intramuros included:
- Puerta de Sta. Lucia
- Puerta Real
- Puerta Parian
- Puerta Isabel
- Gate of Fort Santiago
- In 1590, the city was reserved for nobility and clergy. Commoners lived outside the walls.
- The structures were designed to alleviate homesickness in the colonists as a representation of their motherland.
Extramuros
- Extramuros were the areas located outside the walled city
- The Spanish term for “outside the walls”
- The areas also had their own key architectural features that include:
- Tondo, which was a low-income area with natives who regularly provided fresh food products to the Manila market
- Pueblo de Quiapo
- Church authorities expanded their regions, reaching to these external areas
Arquitectura Mestiza
- A term coined in 1688 by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina
- Buildings constructed partly of wood and stone, built in response to frequent disasters like earthquakes
Military Architecture and Defense Installations
- Garrisons, naval constructions were used as military strategies to safeguard and protect Spanish colonial possessions
- Characterized by heavy stone walls, moats, and grid road layouts
- Key Examples Include:
- Fort San Pedro (Cebu) 1565
- Fort Santiago (Manila, 1590) which was named after Saint James, the patron saint of Spain.
- Fort San Felipe (1617/1609) Cavite
- Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Rosario (1617)
- Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar (1635) Zamboanga Peninsula
Levels of Roman Catholic Churches
- The levels of Roman Catholic Churches are in the following order:
- Basilica
- Cathedral
- Parish
- Chapels
- Monastic/Religious Congressional (Monastery, Abbey, Priory, Friary, Nunnery)
Other Features of Churches (Cuerpo de Iglesia)
- Various specific features of churches are highlighted including:
- Holy Water stoup (Pila de Agua Bendita)
- Bell Tower/Belfry (Campanario)
- Choir Loft (Coro-Choir Loft)
- Sanctuary (Prybesterio/Santuario)
- Communion rail (Comulgatorio)
- Sacristy (Sacristia)
- Storage area for religious supplies (Camarin)
- Church yard/cemetery (Campo Santo)
- Mortuary (Mortuario)
- Front (Facada Principal) and rear (Facada Postico) wall features
- Supporting features (Buttresses—Contra Fuerte)
- Entryway features (Nartex)
Educational and Scientific Facilities
- Educational Institutions, including those for education and health, were zealously established by various religious orders, during the Spanish Colonial period.
- A majority of these institutions had two types of school buildings
- Colegio (“Universidad”) which was found in urban areas
- Escuela Primaria” which was found in pueblos
- Examples of institutions established during this period include:
- Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595–1769)
- Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)
- Universidad de Santo Tomas (1605-1611)
- Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran (1620)
- Ateneo de Manila (1859–1901, 1901–1959/Escuela Municipal de Manila
- Manila Observatory (1865)
Bahay na Bato
- A new type of domestic architecture emerged
- A combination of indigenous features with Spanish building tradition.
- The design was created to avoid the dangers of earthquakes, fires and cyclones.
- Key Components of the Architecture
- Two stories, at times three
- Ground floor crafted with cutstone/brick.
- Grillwork that protects ground floor windows, with second story windows also large, featuring sliding shutters and latticedwork
- Additional Features
- Pasamano (window sill), ventanillas, (small windows), barandillas (baluster), and sliding wood shutters.
- Zaguan (vestibule)—used as storage space
- Entresuelo (mezzanine area above the ground) — used as offices for servants,
- Escalera (wooden staircase)
- Caida (antesala) — waiting area
- Sala (Living Room) used for holding social events during fiestas and special occasions
- Comedor (dining room) for dining events and displayed silverware and decorative items
- Cocina (kitchen)—includes "banguerra"
- Banyo or Paliguan (bathroom)
- Latrina (restroom)
- Azotea, an outdoor terrace
Infrastructure and Industrial
- During this period, there was a notable development in infrastructure, including railroads, bridges, lighting, and public water utilities.
- Examples of buildings built under the infrastructure and industrial category include
- Ferrocarril (Railway) including the Manila to Dagupan line, and the Tutuban Rail station with the design being by Juan Hervas.
- Tranvias which was sponsored by Jocobo Zobel de Zangroniz and designed by Luciano Bremon and Adolfo Bayo.
- Manila to Malabon line.
- Puentes (Bridges), including the Puente de Claveria and Puente de Convalencia and Ayala which connected Manila to outlying communities.
- Farolas (Lighthouses) like the San Nicolas Light House.
- Waterworks (Carriedo Water Works)
- Commercial centers (Calle Escolta) and many commercial buildings, including oil houses, silk houses, rice dealers, soap makers, and other commercial buildings.
- Jails (Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila Bilibid Prison)
- Banks (Real Banco Españo de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna Isabela II), which was the oldest existing bank in the country.
Conclusion
- Spanish Colonialism provided several built forms and architecture to the Filipinos
- It led to new concepts of space
- It transformed the way power relations were established, and introduced new ways of orchestrating the everyday experience.
- The course outlines the significant legacy of these built environments and institutions.
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Description
This quiz explores the historical significance and features of military architecture during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines. It covers the impact of key figures, notable architectural styles, and urban transformation from the arrival of the Spaniards in 1565. Test your knowledge of this fascinating period in Philippine history.
