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Questions and Answers
What material is predominantly used in the construction of bahay na bato in Visayas?
What material is predominantly used in the construction of bahay na bato in Visayas?
Which of the following architectural features is commonly found in houses in Bicol?
Which of the following architectural features is commonly found in houses in Bicol?
What is a notable feature of the bahay na bato found in Bulacan?
What is a notable feature of the bahay na bato found in Bulacan?
What was the primary reason for Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Philippines?
What was the primary reason for Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Philippines?
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Which architectural style was notably influenced by King Philip II’s Ordinances of 1573?
Which architectural style was notably influenced by King Philip II’s Ordinances of 1573?
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What type of structure do noble settlements in Visayas predominantly use aside from bahay na bato?
What type of structure do noble settlements in Visayas predominantly use aside from bahay na bato?
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What was a common function of the azotea in a bahay na bato?
What was a common function of the azotea in a bahay na bato?
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Which of the following was NOT a type of building associated with Spanish colonial architecture?
Which of the following was NOT a type of building associated with Spanish colonial architecture?
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What does the term 'Bajo de Campana' refer to in the context of Spanish colonial architecture?
What does the term 'Bajo de Campana' refer to in the context of Spanish colonial architecture?
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Which material is NOT mentioned as being used in the construction of heritage houses in Calabarzon?
Which material is NOT mentioned as being used in the construction of heritage houses in Calabarzon?
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What is the primary purpose of vents in the kitchens of bahay na bato?
What is the primary purpose of vents in the kitchens of bahay na bato?
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What city was declared as the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571?
What city was declared as the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571?
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What was a significant outcome of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade?
What was a significant outcome of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade?
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In what aspect do the carved decorations of bahay na bato in Bulacan differ from those in Bicol?
In what aspect do the carved decorations of bahay na bato in Bulacan differ from those in Bicol?
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What was the purpose of the Spanish redesign of the indigenous landscape?
What was the purpose of the Spanish redesign of the indigenous landscape?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Spain's retention of the Philippines?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Spain's retention of the Philippines?
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What is the primary function of a clerestory in architecture?
What is the primary function of a clerestory in architecture?
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What is the term for the kitchen in a bahay na bato?
What is the term for the kitchen in a bahay na bato?
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Which of the following rooms serves as a prayer room in a bahay na bato?
Which of the following rooms serves as a prayer room in a bahay na bato?
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What does the term 'entresuelo' literally translate to?
What does the term 'entresuelo' literally translate to?
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Which architectural style influenced the design of the Ayuntamiento and Palacio in Manila?
Which architectural style influenced the design of the Ayuntamiento and Palacio in Manila?
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What is the primary purpose of an 'estante' in the dining area?
What is the primary purpose of an 'estante' in the dining area?
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What type of roof is referred to as 'dos aguas'?
What type of roof is referred to as 'dos aguas'?
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Which area in Manila experienced urban expansion by the late 19th century?
Which area in Manila experienced urban expansion by the late 19th century?
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What was the primary purpose of the Farolas built during Spanish colonization?
What was the primary purpose of the Farolas built during Spanish colonization?
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Where were smaller versions of Ayuntamientos, known as Casa Munisipal, typically located?
Where were smaller versions of Ayuntamientos, known as Casa Munisipal, typically located?
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Which establishment in Binondo was a famous landmark before the war?
Which establishment in Binondo was a famous landmark before the war?
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What architectural feature characterizes the Zorrilla Theatre?
What architectural feature characterizes the Zorrilla Theatre?
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What type of activities were primarily offered in the Colonial teatros?
What type of activities were primarily offered in the Colonial teatros?
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What is considered a popular pastime that has existed for over a hundred years in the Philippines?
What is considered a popular pastime that has existed for over a hundred years in the Philippines?
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Which of these statements about the commercial buildings during the Spanish era is true?
Which of these statements about the commercial buildings during the Spanish era is true?
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What event prompted the royal residence to be transferred to Malacañang Palace?
What event prompted the royal residence to be transferred to Malacañang Palace?
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What is a prominent feature of the Basilica del Santo Niño's façade?
What is a prominent feature of the Basilica del Santo Niño's façade?
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What architectural style is the Vigan Cathedral predominantly represented in?
What architectural style is the Vigan Cathedral predominantly represented in?
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Which unique structure feature is associated with Santa Maria Church?
Which unique structure feature is associated with Santa Maria Church?
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What significant event occurred in 1880 regarding Barasoain Church?
What significant event occurred in 1880 regarding Barasoain Church?
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Which feature is NOT part of the Miagao Church's architectural style?
Which feature is NOT part of the Miagao Church's architectural style?
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What was the original construction timeframe for the current Miagao Church?
What was the original construction timeframe for the current Miagao Church?
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Which church features a belltower with a cubic base and crenellations?
Which church features a belltower with a cubic base and crenellations?
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Who was responsible for constructing the Basilica del Santo Niño?
Who was responsible for constructing the Basilica del Santo Niño?
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What notable accents does the belltower of the Basilica del Santo Niño feature?
What notable accents does the belltower of the Basilica del Santo Niño feature?
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Which church is known for its significant number of steps leading up to it?
Which church is known for its significant number of steps leading up to it?
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Study Notes
Spanish Colonial Architecture in the Philippines
- The architecture of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period is a rich blend of European, Asian and indigenous influences.
- The Spanish influence was most prominent in the architecture of churches, forts, government buildings, and residences.
- The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571 and declared as: "Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal" (English: "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City").
- The Spanish colonized the Philippines for over 300 years, leaving behind a rich legacy of architecture, art, culture, and religion.
- Spanish rule played a significant role in the development of the Philippines' cultural, religious, and architectural heritage.
- From 1571 to 1898, the Galleon Trade connected Manila to Acapulco, Mexico and Spain.
Spanish Colonial Building Types
- Forts / Walled Cities - Intramuros, a walled city in Manila, was built to protect Spanish settlers from attacks by indigenous Filipinos.
- Churches - Spanish colonial churches are often adorned with intricate architectural details and are considered important landmarks of the Philippines.
- Government Buildings - Government buildings such as the Palacio Real and the Ayuntamiento in Manila were built to house Spanish colonial officials.
- Domestic Infrastructures - The houses were built in a traditional Filipino architecture called the bahay na bato, which were raised on stilts to prevent flooding and offered protection from the elements.
- Town Remodeling - Under the Spanish colonial policy known as Reduccion, towns were redesigned by the Spanish. This resulted in towns with grid-like streets centered around the church plaza.
Notable Churches
- Daraga Church, Albay - Recognized for its earthquake baroque style, with a four-level tower, a dome, and a cross.
- Basilica del Santo Niño, Cebu - Originally built in 1565, making it the first church built in the Philippines. The facade blends Moorish, Romanesque, and Neoclassical elements, and the interior is known for its intricate details.
- Vigan Cathedral, Ilocos Sur - Built in 1800, a fusion of Baroque and Earthquake Baroque styles with protruding columns, arched doorways, and ionic pillars.
- Santa Maria Church, Ilocos Sur - Built in the late 18th century with a massive brick structure, a pagoda-like bell tower, and a facade featuring circular buttresses.
- Barasoain Church, Bulacan - Significant for its role in Philippine history as the site of the First Philippine Republic, notable for its Neoclassical design and a cubic bell tower.
- Miagao Church, Iloilo - Built between 1786 and 1797, an example of Baroque architecture, featuring local botanical motifs and intricate details.
- Immaculate Conception, Manila Cathedral - Built in the Latin cross layout, with massive walls and an extension resembling the original kitchen.
Bahay na Bato (Stone House)
- A traditional Filipino house with a stone ground floor and a wooden upper floor.
- Often built in a variety of regions, with variations in building materials such as adobe, coral stone, and volcanic stone.
- The construction of these houses often incorporated elements of local traditions and craftsmanship, leading to variations in design and ornamentation.
Key Features of a Bahay na Bato:
- Arko - Arch
- Azotea - Open-air balcony typically serving as a work area.
- Balconaje, Balcon - Balcony
- Banggera - A wooden dish rack outside the kitchen window for drying dishes.
- Baño - Bathroom
- Barandillas - Wooden railings or balustrades.
- Caida - Landing on the upper entrance hall, frequently used for a foyer.
- Capiz windows - Sliding windows made from capiz shells.
- Clerestory - High windows for light and fresh air.
- Cocina - Kitchen, usually built separately.
- Comedor - Dining room.
- Comun - Toilet.
- Cuartos - Rooms.
- Dapugan - Platform in the kitchen for the clay stove.
- Despacho - Office.
- Dispensa - Pantry.
- Dos aguas - Gable or high-pitched roof.
- Entresuelo - Mezzanine.
- Escalera - Stairway.
- Estante - Dining room cabinet for displaying chinaware and silverware.
- Kama - Four-poster bed.
- Oratorio - Prayer room with an altar.
- Sala mayor - Main living room, used for parties and dances.
- Sala menor - Secondary living room.
Arrabales
- By the late 19th century, Manila's urban expansion extended beyond the Intramuros walls into different Arrabales, such as Binondo, San Nicolas, and Santa Ana.
- The growth of the Arrabales, driven by migration and economic activity, led to the construction of accesoria (apartment dwellings) to accommodate the needs of migrant laborers.
Civic Architecture
- Civic Architecture encompasses buildings like the Palacio Real (Royal Palace), Ayuntamiento (City Hall), and Aduana (Customs House) - structures that represented Spanish administrative power.
- These buildings often employed architectural styles like Renaissance, blending European design elements with local techniques.
- Smaller versions of city halls known as "Munisipyo" were built throughout the country, usually located opposite the church.
Farolas (Lighthouses)
- The Spanish colonial government built over 50 lighthouses throughout the Philippines, which were essential for maritime navigation and trade along the country's coastline.
- Many of these lighthouses were constructed with polygon or cylinder designs, and some have survived to this day, serving as historical landmarks.
- The oldest Farola, located on the Pasig River, showcased a unique blend of European technology and local materials.
Parian
- Parian refers to the district where Chinese merchants were allowed to conduct business in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.
- Binondo, in Manila, was the oldest Chinatown in the world.
- The Parian often housed various types of commercial establishments, ranging from small stalls to factories.
Teatros (Theaters)
- Theaters played a significant role in colonial leisure activities, and were often designed for theatrical, dance, and musical performances.
- The Zorrilla Theatre (Teatro Zorrilla), located in Manila, was a prominent example of this type of theater.
Sabungan (Cockfighting)
- Cockfighting (sabong) - a long-standing tradition in the Philippines, was a popular pastime during the Spanish colonial era.
- The sport was introduced to the Philippines during Magellan's voyage in 1521 and has remained popular ever since.
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Explore the fascinating blend of European, Asian, and indigenous influences in the architecture of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. This quiz covers key architectural types, historical significance, and the lasting impact of Spanish rule on Filipino culture and heritage. Test your knowledge on forts, churches, and the rich architectural legacy left behind.
