Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?
What is a primary characteristic of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder?
- One or more symptoms of physical malfunction in sensory-motor areas. (correct)
- Persistent pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
- Excessive worry about a number of different events or activities.
- Delusions of grandeur and inflated self-esteem.
Factitious disorder imposed on another involves creating symptoms of illness in oneself for attention.
Factitious disorder imposed on another involves creating symptoms of illness in oneself for attention.
False (B)
What are the two main components of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What are the two main components of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Obsessions and Compulsions
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with a(n) ________ defect in their appearance.
Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with a(n) ________ defect in their appearance.
Match the following disorders with their primary characteristics:
Match the following disorders with their primary characteristics:
How long after a traumatic event must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
How long after a traumatic event must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Depersonalization disorder involves a temporary detachment from the world around you, while derealization disorder involves a temporary detachment from oneself.
Depersonalization disorder involves a temporary detachment from the world around you, while derealization disorder involves a temporary detachment from oneself.
What are alters, in the context of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
What are alters, in the context of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
In Dissociative Identity Disorder, the ________ is typically unaware of the existence of the alters.
In Dissociative Identity Disorder, the ________ is typically unaware of the existence of the alters.
Match the following terms related to Dissociative Identity Disorder with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to Dissociative Identity Disorder with their definitions:
To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, an individual must have at least five specific criteria, including one of which two symptoms?
To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, an individual must have at least five specific criteria, including one of which two symptoms?
A manic episode requires at least five criteria based on the DSM-5.
A manic episode requires at least five criteria based on the DSM-5.
How long must a depressed mood last to meet the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
How long must a depressed mood last to meet the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
________ depression refers to a combination of major depressive episodes and persistent depressive disorder
________ depression refers to a combination of major depressive episodes and persistent depressive disorder
Match the following bipolar disorders with their descriptions:
Match the following bipolar disorders with their descriptions:
What is the defining characteristic of rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?
What is the defining characteristic of rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?
According to the permissiveness hypothesis, high cortisol levels can cause other irregular transmissions in neurotransmitter systems.
According to the permissiveness hypothesis, high cortisol levels can cause other irregular transmissions in neurotransmitter systems.
According to learned helplessness theory, what is the core factor contributing to depression?
According to learned helplessness theory, what is the core factor contributing to depression?
________ is a medication commonly used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder.
________ is a medication commonly used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder.
Match the following treatments for mood disorders with their descriptions:
Match the following treatments for mood disorders with their descriptions:
What is the immediate goal in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
What is the immediate goal in the treatment of anorexia nervosa?
Purging behaviors in bulimia nervosa always lead to effective weight loss.
Purging behaviors in bulimia nervosa always lead to effective weight loss.
What is the sociocultural model's explanation for the development of eating disorders?
What is the sociocultural model's explanation for the development of eating disorders?
Individuals with bulimia and anorexia experience low sense of personal ________ and self confidence.
Individuals with bulimia and anorexia experience low sense of personal ________ and self confidence.
Match the following eating disorder treatments with their features:
Match the following eating disorder treatments with their features:
Flashcards
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
One or more symptoms of physical malfunctioning in sensory motor areas.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
Creating symptoms of illness in another person.
OCD
OCD
Intrusive, unwanted thoughts or images and repetitive behaviors or mental acts to neutralize thoughts.
OCD Treatment
OCD Treatment
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
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Muscle Dysmorphia
Muscle Dysmorphia
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Hoarding Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
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Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania
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Excoriation Disorder
Excoriation Disorder
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Features of PTSD
Features of PTSD
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Treatment for PTSD
Treatment for PTSD
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Depersonalization Disorder
Depersonalization Disorder
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Derealization Disorder
Derealization Disorder
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Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative Fugue
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Unique Aspects of DID
Unique Aspects of DID
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
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Manic Episode Criteria
Manic Episode Criteria
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
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Bipolar 1 Disorder
Bipolar 1 Disorder
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Bipolar 2 Disorder
Bipolar 2 Disorder
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Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
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Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa
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Binge Eating Disorder
Binge Eating Disorder
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Body Image
Body Image
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Study Notes
- Functional neurological symptom disorder involves physical malfunctioning symptoms in sensory-motor areas.
- Misdiagnosis rate of functional neurological symptom disorder is around 4%.
- Functional neurological symptom disorder is rare, more common in women, and usually begins in adolescence.
- Often caused by past trauma or stress, the sources of secondary gain must be removed for effective treatment.
- Factitious disorder imposed on another involves creating illness symptoms in someone else.
- Somatic symptom disorders research concluded that 28% of individuals had experienced child abuse.
- OCD involves obsessions (intrusive thoughts or images) and compulsions (actions to neutralize thoughts).
- Symmetry and cleaning are common examples of OCD compulsions.
- Between 1.6% and 2.3% of people experience OCD in their lifetime.
- Biological vulnerabilities, early life experiences, and religious factors can contribute to OCD.
- SSRIs can benefit up to 60% of OCD patients, but CBT is typically the most effective treatment.
- Body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance.
- Those with body dysmorphic disorder may engage in excessive skin picking, focusing on body angles, and constantly measuring/weighing themselves.
- A prevalence rate of 1-2%, individuals with body dysmorphic disorder may seek plastic surgery and affects men more.
- Muscle dysmorphia is the belief that one's body is too small or not muscular enough.
- CBT is a common treatment for muscle dysmorphia.
- Hoarding disorder is characterized by an unusual attachment to possessions and difficulties with emotional regulation.
- CBT and SSRIs are used in the treatment of hoarding disorder.
- Trichotillomania is the compulsive urge to pull out body hair.
- Excoriation is repetitive and compulsive skin picking.
- PTSD arises from exposure to a traumatic event.
- Features of PTSD include avoidance of stimuli and re-experiencing the event through memories or flashbacks.
- PTSD is diagnosed one month after the traumatic event.
- Combat and sexual assault are the most common causes, with 32% of individuals meeting the criteria.
- Around 18% of people who experience a traumatic event will develop PTSD.
- EMDR and CBT (rethinking and reflecting on the event) are treatments for PTSD; SSRIs are also commonly prescribed.
- Depersonalization disorder involves a temporary detachment from oneself.
- Derealization disorder involves a temporary detachment from the world.
- Depersonalization/derealization is most common in adolescents (16 years old).
- Dissociative amnesia involves various forms of psychogenic memory loss, more generalized with higher rates in females.
- Dissociative fugue is the rarest of the dissociative disorders.
- Dissociative fugue includes loss of identity and travel to a new location.
- Dissociative identity disorder (DID) involves the adoption of several new identities.
- DID is characterized by alters (different identities), a host (unaware of alters), and a switch (transition between personalities).
- Around 15 identities tend to appear in DID, but up to 100 can be present.
- Treatments for DID involve breaking down the need for consciousness and drawing out parts of personalities.
- The case of Sybil involved a patient with 16 personalities, raising questions about boundaries and suggestibility.
- Major depressive disorder requires 5 or more specific criteria, with one being depressed mood or anhedonia.
- Anhedonia refers to a loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
- A manic episode requires 3 or more specific criteria.
- Depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, sleep disturbance, and thoughts of death are criteria for major depressive disorder.
- Decreased need for sleep, excessive speech, and distractibility are criteria for a manic episode.
- Persistent depressive disorder involves a depressed mood lasting at least 2 years, or as long as 5 years.
- The onset of persistent depressive disorder typically occurs in the late 20s/early 21.
- Double depression is a combination of major depressive episodes and persistent depressive disorder, with PDD developing first.
- Double depression is associated with high rates of comorbidity.
- Seasonal affective disorder affects 15-25% of the population who experience mood changes but don't meet the criteria for full MDD.
- Bipolar 1 disorder features alterations between full manic and depressive episodes, often beginning in childhood around 18 years old.
- Bipolar 2 disorder involves alterations between major depressive and hypomanic episodes.
- The age of onset for Bipolar 2 is between 19-22 age.
- Cyclothymic disorder involve cycle of ups and downs are less severe and the onset happens between 12-14 age.
- Rapid cycling (bipolar 1 and bipolar 2 only) involves 4 or more episodes a year.
- Females are twice as likely to experience mood disorders.
- North America experienced economy drops of 60 billion dollars a year during depression.
- The permissiveness hypothesis suggests that altered regular transmissions in systems.
- Hypothyroidism the role of cortisol.
- Learned helplessness theory suggests that lack of perceived control over life events can cause multiple issues.
- Tricyclic medications block reuptake.
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) block enzymes.
- SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin.
- Lithium is a primary drug for bipolar disorders.
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves inducing a seizure via a brief electrical current to the brain.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) addresses errors in thinking and builds the belief that the depression is the result of this belief.
- Interpersonal therapy focuses on relationships, conflict, loss, and building on those relationships.
- CBT and interpersonal psychotherapy are comparable to medications in effectiveness.
- Exercise is effective in reducing depression and helps with multiple disorders.
- Exercise is more effective at preventing relapse.
- Light therapy involves repeated exposure to a high-intensity light box.
- Light therapy can trigger a manic episode.
- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy teaches individuals to respond to dysphoric emotions and negative cognitions.
- Suicide cause 700,000 deaths per year worldwide.
- Regarding suicide, women attempt suicide more often, but men are more likely to die by suicide.
- Nunavut has the highest rates of suicide.
- Suicide risk factors include past attempts, family history, neurobiology, existing psychological disorders, and stressful events.
- Low serotonin levels in neurobiology contribute to low mood dissociation.
- 60% of people who experience suicide have mood disorders.
- Therapists assess clients for suicide risk by evaluating their thoughts and plans.
- Bulimia nervosa involves an extreme fear of gaining weight.
- Anorexia nervosa involves severe disruptions in eating behavior.
- Binge eating disorder has strong sociocultural
- Eating disorders in historical context show women fasting and men inflicting pain in the body.
- Binge eating involves consuming excess amounts of food.
- Purging includes self-induced vomiting and laxative.
- Approximately 95% of those with bulimia nervosa have comorbid psychological disorders.
- Bulimia affects 90-95% females, with onset between 16-19 age, and a prevalence of W-1.5% and M- 0.13%.
- Anorexia nervosa happens when individuals are below 15% of their average weight and the individual is not satisfied.
- Anorexia is most prevalent in young white females and those in middle class.
- Associated features of anorexia nervosa include having additional disorders and excessive exercise: 81% engage in excessive exercise.
- Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate (20%) among psychological disorders.
- Body image is how individuals perceive their appearance.
- Body image distortion is when individuals see a distorted self in the mirror.
- The sociocultural model implicates the thin media ideal of female beauty.
- Media has had an impact on men, shifting emphasis to aesthetics vs ability.
- Greater internalization of the thin ideal typically leads to a greater drive for muscularity through drugs or excessive exercise.
- Media and cultural messages suggest that being thin = success and happiness.
- Higher rates of ED are seen in wealthy, western countries.
- Black women have lower rates of EDs than white women.
- Higher rates of body dissatisfaction and EDs are seen among gay, bisexual men, and pansexual individual.
- Psychological considerations for bulimia and anorexia include a low sense of personal control, lack of self-confidence, and perfectionism.
- Binge-eating disorders affects women 1.6% and men 1.1% of the population
- Treatments for bulimia nervosa include antidepressants, CBT, CBT-E, and interpersonal psychotherapy.
- The immediate goal of anorexia nervosa treatment is weight restoration alongside therapies such as CBT-E and family involvement.
- Repressed memory syndrome involves past trauma, however are controversial because memories can get implanted in people.
- Depersonalization/derealization, dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder are the three dissociative disorders
- CBT treatments can reduce risk of suicide attempts by 50%
- Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 8%
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