Midterm 2 psych 304 SOMATIC STRESS & , OCD, ANXIETY DISORDERS, PTSD

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What distinguishes hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Hoarding is characterized by distress when acquiring items.

The majority of hoarders exhibit significant OCD symptoms.

Hoarders display a strong need for rituals to manage their possessions.

Hoarding is ego-syntonic and aligns with a person's identity and core beliefs. (correct)

Which treatment approach is considered more effective for hoarding disorder?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for mood stabilization.

Exposure and response prevention (ERP) for habituation.

Specialized cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address dysfunctional beliefs. (correct)

Forced removal of possessions to confront distress.

What is a common characteristic of individuals suffering from animal hoarding?

They are predominantly younger individuals.

They typically keep fewer than 5 animals.

They have a clear understanding of their living conditions and the animals' needs.

They often view animals as a source of love and companionship. (correct)

Which statement best represents the concept of ego-syntonic versus ego-dystonic in relation to hoarding?

Ego-syntonic behavior reflects personal values, while ego-dystonic is contrary to one’s beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended for reducing acquisition in individuals with hoarding disorder?

Engaging in questioning regarding the need for an item prior to acquisition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hoarding disorder that differentiates it from other types of clutter-related issues?

Perceived utility or aesthetic value attached to possessions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insight may a person with hoarding disorder exhibit?

Good to fair insight, recognizing hoarding as problematic Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common items that individuals with hoarding disorder tend to accumulate?

Old newspapers, clothing, and bags Signup and view all the answers

How is the course of hoarding disorder generally described?

It follows a chronic pattern with gradual decline Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible risk associated with the living conditions of individuals with hoarding disorder?

There is potential for eviction due to the hoarding behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the prevalence of hoarding disorder?

It affects up to 5% of individuals in some regions like Vancouver Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the treatment of hoarding disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is often the preferred approach Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates animal hoarding from other types of hoarding behavior?

Animal hoarding can lead to neglect and poor living conditions for the animals Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Repetitive behaviors related to perceived defects Signup and view all the answers

Hoarding disorder is primarily defined by which of the following?

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ego-syntonic from ego-dystonic behaviors in disorders?

Ego-syntonic behaviors align with the individual’s self-perception, while ego-dystonic do not. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment option for hoarding disorder that is often less effective?

Psychodynamic therapy focused on emotional attachment to items Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes animal hoarding characteristics?

Significant distress and inability to care for the animals properly Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients seeking cosmetic surgery?

8% Signup and view all the answers

What age group is most commonly associated with the onset of body dysmorphic disorder?

16-17 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the consequences of hoarding disorder is false?

Most individuals find it easy to discard items. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may influence the higher prevalence of anxiety disorders in individuals with European backgrounds compared to other cultural groups in Canada?

Greater availability of mental health care resources in wealthier countries Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cultural consideration when assessing anxiety disorders across different ethnic groups?

Simplifying ethnic groups can obscure unique cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic in Canada shows a marked higher risk of anxiety disorders according to cultural studies?

European Canadians Signup and view all the answers

In terms of social anxiety disorder prevalence, which country has the highest reported rate?

USA Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gender differences in anxiety disorders is accurate?

Women generally experience higher levels of anxiety disorders than men. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strategy do individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) commonly use to manage their anxiety?

Cognitive avoidance Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable impact of social anxiety disorder (SAD) on the social relationships of affected individuals?

Loneliness and fewer friends Signup and view all the answers

Which group demonstrates a higher prevalence of social anxiety disorder in community populations?

Women in community populations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cultural influence on social anxiety as observed in Asian cultures?

Acceptance of being reserved Signup and view all the answers

At what age is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) typically identified, based on the onset period?

13 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference in treatment-seeking behavior between men and women regarding anxiety disorders?

Men typically delay seeking treatment until symptoms worsen Signup and view all the answers

What co-occurring issue is often seen in individuals suffering from social anxiety disorder?

Substance abuse, especially marijuana dependency Signup and view all the answers

Taijin kyofusho is a cultural phenomenon particularly associated with which aspect of anxiety?

Fear of offending others through personal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a major cognitive contribution to panic disorder related to the interpretation of physical sensations?

Normal physiological responses are misjudged as dangerous Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best represents the economic burden of social anxiety disorder on society?

It can cause loss of productivity and increased healthcare costs Signup and view all the answers

How does prevalence of social anxiety disorder differ between genders?

It is more prevalent in females than males Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural factor may influence the manifestation of social anxiety disorder?

Perceptions of collectivism leading to fear of social disapproval Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals with social anxiety disorder is likely to also experience depression?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is commonly comorbid with panic disorder?

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant behavioral change observed in individuals with panic disorder?

Avoidance of triggers associated with panic attacks Signup and view all the answers

What role do biological factors play in panic disorder according to recent studies?

They contribute to the genetic transmission of panic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects how cognitive interpretations influence fear?

Cognitive interpretations may lead to exaggerated threat perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is hypothesized to contribute to the effectiveness of in vivo exposure therapy?

Extinction learning that develops new associations with fear stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the interaction between innate vulnerability and learning experiences have on individuals with phobias?

It leads to the formation of exaggerated threat perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of cognitive modification in treating anxiety disorders?

To change maladaptive thought processes that contribute to anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

How do safety behaviors influence an individual's belief about their fears during treatment?

They reinforce the belief that threats are present and need to be avoided. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as opposed to other anxiety disorders?

Chronic worry across multiple domains Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive-behavioral therapy technique is most effective in addressing anxiety disorders?

Cognitive restructuring of negative thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic aspect is commonly associated with a predisposition to anxiety disorders?

Non-specific familial patterns of anxiety disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted outcome when treating anxiety disorders with cognitive-behavioral therapy?

Reduction in comorbid depression symptoms Signup and view all the answers

How do biological factors, particularly genetics, influence the manifestation of anxiety disorders?

They contribute to general predisposition and various environmental interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive-behavioral therapy technique specifically helps patients challenge their negative thoughts about physical sensations?

Cognitive restructuring Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the reinforcement of behaviors in individuals with chronic pain issues?

Reliance on pain medication and avoidance of activity Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychological treatments for anxiety, which approach focuses on helping patients develop better coping strategies?

Behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of the clinical picture of Factitious Disorder by Proxy?

Induction of symptoms for the purpose of attention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a part of cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders?

Encouraging avoidance of triggers Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive worry about various aspects of life Signup and view all the answers

What does the temporary relief gained from safety behaviors in anxiety treatments often lead to?

Increased body vigilance and illness concerns Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent characteristic observed in children with Factitious Disorder by Proxy?

History of frequent hospitalizations with vague symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What role do genetic factors potentially play in anxiety disorders?

They contribute to vulnerability or predisposition to anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

In managing chronic pain, what is one key treatment approach mentioned for returning individuals to work?

Active engagement in social activities Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cued panic attacks from unexpected panic attacks?

Cued attacks are anticipated in specific situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive interpretation is a common factor in panic disorder?

Catastrophic misinterpretation of sensations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a biological theory that explains the development of panic disorder?

Genetic predisposition to high anxiety sensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT required for the diagnosis of panic disorder?

Sudden urge to flee the situation. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a significant aspect of the cognitive model regarding panic attacks?

Triggers lead to perceived threats and subsequent cycles. Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is regarded as the first-line approach for panic disorder?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of individuals may meet the criteria for panic disorder?

3% of the population. Signup and view all the answers

What role does anticipatory anxiety play in panic disorder?

It often increases the likelihood of future attacks. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their actual value.
Individuals perceive a need to save items and experience distress when discarding them.
Accumulation of possessions clutters living areas and compromises their intended use.
Clutter is characterized by disorganized piles of unrelated objects, often spilling beyond living spaces.
Squalor often accompanies hoarding with dirt, filth, and unsanitary conditions.
Vermin like mice can be present.
Saving is intentional, with motivations such as perceived utility, sentimental attachment, responsibility for possessions, and fear of losing important information.
Common hoarded items include newspapers, magazines, old clothing, bags, books, and mail/paperwork.
Excessive Acquisition occurs in 80-90% of hoarders, who acquire items they don't need or lack space for.
Clinical Picture
- Prevalence: up to 5% in Vancouver.
Etiology
- Early onset: Some symptoms emerge by age 11-15, with significant impairment by the mid-20s.
- Culture: Similar across studied cultures.
- Age: Prevalence is similar across age groups, though more common in older people (average age 50).
Chronic Course
Substantial Impairment
- Inability to use living spaces.
- Danger to self (e.g., falling objects, eviction).
- Danger to others (e.g., fire).
- Interpersonal and social conflict.
Hoarding vs. OCD
- Hoarding is ego-syntonic, aligning with an individual's values, identity, and beliefs.
- OCD is ego-dystonic, conflicting with an individual's values and beliefs.
- Hoarding lacks the rituals typical of OCD.
- Acquisition in hoarding is associated with positive emotions, while distress in hoarding arises only when discarding possessions.
- Only 18% of hoarders exhibit OCD symptoms.
Treatment
- SSRIs and ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention) are generally ineffective.
- Forced removal of possessions is ineffective.
- Specialized CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) is most effective:
  - Education about hoarding.
  - Cognitive therapy for dysfunctional beliefs.
  - Skills training for organizing and decision-making.
Reducing Acquisition
- Encouraging individuals to question the need for items and their available space.
- Implementing sorting and discarding practice, with therapists guiding the process.
- Home visits can be helpful.

Animal Hoarding

More common in older women and older individuals.
Distinct Characteristics:
- Hoard at least 15 animals.
- Median number of animals is 39.
- Animals often suffer due to neglect.
- Individuals view animals as a source of love.
- Extremely debilitating.
- Poor insight, potentially indicating delusional disorder.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Preoccupation with a perceived physical defect that is not observable or appears slight to others.
Most common site: face, especially facial dysmorphia (eyes, jaw).
Can be extremely impairing.
Repetitive behaviors related to the perceived defect are common.
Muscle dysmorphia is a specific example, prevalent in men who perceive their bodies as too small or insufficiently muscular, often leading to excessive workout regimes and steroid abuse.
"Safety behaviors," such as comparing oneself to others, controlling diet, adjusting clothing, and excessive mirror checking, are common in BDD.
Clinical Picture
- Prevalence: 2.4%.
- 8% of cosmetic surgery patients.
- 15% of dermatology patients.
- 10% of oral surgery patients.
Cosmetic Treatments
- 76% of individuals with BDD have sought cosmetic treatments.
- No benefit is typically derived from these treatments.
- 81% are dissatisfied with the results.
- Repeated surgeries are common.
Clinical Course
- Onset: Mean age 16-17 years old.
- 66% onset before age 18.
- Chronic without treatment.
Consequences
- Significant distress and impairment.
- Suicide risk: 44% of youth, 24% of adults.
- Housebound: 20% school dropout rate.
- Ideas of reference: People are staring because of the perceived defect.

Anxiety Disorders

Prevalence varies across cultures:
- 12-month prevalence (DSM-IV):
  - Europe: 8.4%
  - USA: 22%
  - Australia: 5.6%
  - China: 13%
  - Canada: 5.8% (PD, Agoraphobia, SAD only)
    - Francophone: 3.85%, Anglophone: 4.89%
More common in Europe, particularly those with Anglophone backgrounds.
- Potentially due to greater access to mental health care in wealthier countries.
Research by Tiwari & Wang (2006) indicates that individuals of European descent have a higher risk of anxiety disorders compared to other groups in Canada.
- Findings consistent for both anxiety disorders and depression.

Issues with Research on Cultural Differences in Anxiety

Defining "culture" and "ethnic heritage" remains challenging:
- Lack of a standardized definition.
- Distinction between ethnicity and culture.
- Difficulty controlling for generational status.
- Grouping of heritage groups can mask differences.
Translation issues with emotion terms:
- E.g., Social anxiety disorder (SAD) may have different meanings across cultures.
Generalized anxiety disorder (worry) appears to be universal.

Key Features of Anxiety Disorders

Often chronic, leading to significant personal impairment.
Increase risk for other disorders:
- 31% comorbid for another anxiety disorder.
- 50% also have depression.
- Increased risk of substance disorder.
- Potential links to suicide.
- Multiple health conditions.
Significant economic burden on society.

Panic Disorder

Panic attacks subside but feelings of anxiety can persist.
A critical symptom is a sense of choking or inability to breathe.
Diagnosis requires:
- At least 5 panic attack symptoms.
- Anticipatory anxiety before an attack.
- Worry about the consequences of an attack.
- Significant behavioral change:
  - Situational avoidance of triggers.
  - Avoiding internal sensations associated with panic attacks.
  - Safety behaviors, such as carrying anti-anxiety medication.

Subtypes of Panic Attacks

Cued (situationally bound).
Situationally predisposed.
Unexpected (required for panic disorder diagnosis).
Limited symptom attacks.

Prevalence of Panic Disorder

1 in 3 people experience a panic attack.
Only 3% meet the criteria for panic disorder.

Biological Contributions to Panic Disorder

Biological challenge studies:
- Manipulations that increase CO2 levels.
- Lactic acid infusions.
- Carbon dioxide inhalation.
Biological theories:
- Neurochemical disturbance:
  - 30-40% genetically transmitted.
  - E.g., Suffocation false alarm theory: Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide detection (chemoreceptors).

Cognitive Contributions to Panic Disorder

In biological challenge studies, individuals informed that sensations are harmless are less likely to panic.
Catastrophic misinterpretation of physical sensations (fear of fear):
- Association of bodily sensations with negative consequences spirals anxiety into panic.
- Example: Singing in public.

Prevalence of Panic Disorder

Fourth most prevalent disorder after depression, alcoholism, and specific phobias.
- High prevalence in North America (8.1% of Canadians).
- Lower prevalence elsewhere (Europe = 2.3%).
- Prevalence is the same in children, adolescents, and adults.

Time Course of Panic Disorder

Onset typically at age 13 (puberty), but can begin earlier.

Gender Differences in Panic Disorder

More prevalent in women in community populations.
Men are more likely to seek treatment.

Cultural influences on Panic Disorder

Taijin kyofusho: Fear of offending others through behavior, body odor, or intense gaze (Japan, Korea).
Hikikomori: Severe social withdrawal (failure to launch) (Japan).
People from Asian cultures, particularly in China and Korea, report more social anxiety but have lower rates of social phobia.
- Society may be more accepting of shyness and reserve, resulting in less stigma and impairment.

Impairment Associated with Panic Disorder

Social: Avoidant personality, hikikomori, reduced social support, fewer friends, loneliness.
Education: May choose careers that limit social interaction.
Occupational: Underemployment.
Comorbidity:
- Risk factor for depression (often precedes depression).
- Substance abuse: Strong predictor of marijuana abuse/dependence.
- 25% of marijuana users have SAD.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

DSM-V considers GAD a form of depression.
Possible link to an underactive GABA-benzodiazepine system.
Cognitive-behavioral models:
- Maintaining factors: Cognitive avoidance (Borkovec).
  - People with GAD use cognition to avoid thinking about important issues.
  - Lower physiological reactivity and arousal except for muscle tension compared to those with panic disorder.
  - Worry is often verbal rather than pictorial.
  - Focus on future events serves as a distraction from fear.

Two-Step Learning Theory Problems

The text presents issues with the two-step learning theory, stating that the conditioning event is often absent, and that individual differences in conditionability exist.
Additionally, the theory doesn't explain the specificity of fears, as humans don't fear everything.
An example is given, stating that people are inclined to develop fears of certain objects, for example, people do not typically have a fear of a bottle of water.
Cognitive interpretations influence fear, highlighting the complexity of fear development.

Integrative Models

Integrative models propose an interaction between innate vulnerability and learning experiences to explain the aetiology of fear and phobias.
These models highlight the role of biological predispositions and genetics, along with evolutionary influences.
Individuals with phobias tend to exhibit exaggerated threat perceptions, resulting from maladaptive thought processes related to the feared object or situation.
This leads to avoidance and safety behaviors, further reinforcing fear.

Contemporary Models

Contemporary models focus on safety behaviors, highlighting their deliberate nature as a means of preventing negative outcomes.
Although unnecessary, these behaviours reinforce the belief in the feared threat, perpetuating the phobia.

First-Line Treatment

The text emphasizes cognitive modification as a first-line treatment for managing phobias, with a goal of changing maladaptive thought processes.
In vivo exposure, or real-life exposure, is another key component, employing a graduated or step-wise approach.
Virtual reality exposure is presented as an alternative method for in vivo exposure.

Treatment Mechanisms

Treatment mechanisms include reconsolidation, extinction learning, and cognitive change.
Reconsolidation aims to reactivate the fear memory and store it with fewer emotional connections.
Extinction learning, or inhibitory learning, involves developing a new memory store associated with the fear stimulus to weaken the original fear response.
Cognitive change focuses on reducing selective attention to threat through safety learning, promoting a shift in focus away from the fear.

Back Pain

Back pain can result in muscle atrophy due to avoiding activities to prevent pain.
This can lead to reliance on analgesic medication, medical reassurance-seeking, and avoidance-constricted lifestyles.
The text emphasizes the role of reinforcement in perpetuating these behaviors.

Treatment for Back Pain

The text discusses medication, specifically SSRIs, for managing comorbid anxiety and depression associated with back pain.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy emphasizes cautiousness in dismissing concerns, education regarding triggering events and pain beliefs, and promoting activity resumption.
Self-management strategies include relaxation training, reducing reassurance-seeking, and minimizing social facilitation.
The text highlights the effectiveness of treatment, with 62% of individuals returning to work after being off for more than 6 months.

Treatment Alliance

The text highlights the importance of a strong treatment alliance between healthcare providers, family, and friends.
Cognitive therapy plays a role in challenging negative thoughts, reducing body vigilance, and altering core health beliefs.
Behavioral therapy focuses on replacing avoidance and reassurance-seeking with adaptive coping skills and problem-solving.
Exposure therapy is a key component of behavioral therapy, allowing individuals to experience anxiety in a controlled environment to practice distress tolerance and reduce anxiety sensitivity.

Factitious Disorder

Factitious disorder involves the falsification of physical or psychological symptoms, including the induction of injury or disease, with the sole aim of presenting as ill or injured.
Notably, there is no obvious external reward for these actions.

Clinical Picture of Factitious Disorder

The prevalence of factitious disorder remains unknown, with intermittent episodes being a characteristic of its course.
Onset often occurs under stressful conditions.
Factitious disorder by proxy, where individuals create medical symptoms in someone else (usually a child), is a rare but serious condition.

Signs of Factitious Disorder by Proxy

The text highlights specific signs:
- A history of multiple hospitalizations for the child.
- A strange set of symptoms presented by the child.
- Worsening of symptoms reported by the mother but not witnessed by hospital staff.
- A discrepancy between reported condition and laboratory test results.
- The mother being the primary caregiver responsible for the child's health.
- More than one unusual illness or death of children in the family.
- Improvement of the child's condition during hospitalization but recurrence upon returning home.
- Blood in lab samples not matching the child's blood type.
- Signs of chemicals in the child's blood, stool, or urine.
- Potential death of the child due to maltreatment by the parent seeking attention.

Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders

The text explores the separation of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders from anxiety disorders.

Learning Objectives

The following learning objectives are presented:
- Understanding why OCD-spectrum disorders are distinct from anxiety disorders.
- The impact of ethnicity and culture on mental health.
- The challenges of controlling for generational status in research studies.
- Recognizing biases associated with grouping heritage groups.
- Variations in anxiety disorder presentation across different cultural groups.
- The challenges of translating emotion terms across languages and cultural contexts.
- The universal nature of generalized anxiety disorder or worry.

Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: Features

The text presents several key features of OCD-spectrum disorders:
- Often chronic.
- Cause significant personal impairment.
- Pose a risk for other disorders, such as depression, suicide, substance use, and other health conditions.
- Place an economic burden on society due to the impact on relationships, employment, and healthcare costs.
- Often under-recognized and under-treated, requiring increased awareness and resources for effective management.

Etiology of OCD-Spectrum Disorders

The text explores the biological contributions to OCD-spectrum disorders:

Biological Contributions

Genetics plays a role, but the predisposition is non-specific and generalized.
Individuals with OCD-spectrum disorders often exhibit negative affectivity (formerly known as "neuroticism").
Family studies are often confounded by environmental factors.
Twin studies provide valuable insights by comparing concordance rates between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, uncovering potential genetic influences.

Panic Disorder

Characterized by sudden intense fear and discomfort, with lingering anxiety after the panic subsides.
Diagnosed with at least 5 symptoms, such as choking sensation, anticipatory anxiety, worry about attack consequences, significant behavioral changes due to attacks, and internal sensations like rapid heartbeat.

Subtypes of Panic Attacks

Cued (situationally bound): triggered by specific situations or objects.
Situationally predisposed: increased risk in specific situations, such as social anxiety.
Unexpected: occur without a recognizable trigger.
Limited symptom attacks: attacks that don't fully meet panic attack criteria.

Prevalence

Approximately 1 in 3 people experience a panic attack at some point in their life.
Around 3% of people meet the criteria for panic disorder.

Biological Contributions

Biological challenge studies: manipulation of factors such as CO2 and lactic acid inducing panic attack-like physiological changes.
Biological theorists: suggest a neurochemical disturbance, possibly a genetic predisposition for heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations. Genetic transmission is estimated at 30-40%.
Suffocation false alarm theory: hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide levels detected by chemoreceptors.

Cognitive Contributions

Catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations contribute to a "fear of fear" response.
Interpretation of bodily sensations as dangerous leads to increased anxiety and difficulty breathing.

Cognitive Model

A cyclical process starts with triggers (internal or external) leading to perceived threats.
These threats then trigger catastrophic misinterpretations, apprehension, and bodily sensations of anxiety.
This cycle returns to perceived threats and continues.

Treatment

Medications: may have potential side effects.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Often considered the first-line treatment approach, including education and recognizing panic attack signs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the key characteristics and clinical aspects of hoarding disorder, including the emotional attachment to possessions and the cluttered living conditions it causes. Understand the prevalence, causes, and behaviors associated with this complex mental health issue.