Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a common solid dosage form?
Which of the following is NOT a common solid dosage form?
- Tablets
- Elixirs
- Powders (correct)
- Capsules
What is the primary focus of pre-formulation studies in compounding?
What is the primary focus of pre-formulation studies in compounding?
- Packaging design
- Color selection
- Solubility and Stability (correct)
- Taste masking
What is the purpose of bioavailability in dosage form design?
What is the purpose of bioavailability in dosage form design?
- To ensure patient compliance
- To provide a pleasant taste
- To allow the drug to exert its pharmacologic effect (correct)
- To extend product shelf life
What role do excipients play in pharmaceutical formulations?
What role do excipients play in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following is a common use of a mortar and pestle with a coarse surface?
Which of the following is a common use of a mortar and pestle with a coarse surface?
What is the purpose of geometric mixing?
What is the purpose of geometric mixing?
Which of the following is a key application for solid dosage form powders?
Which of the following is a key application for solid dosage form powders?
What is a 'diluent' in the context of tablet formulation?
What is a 'diluent' in the context of tablet formulation?
What characterizes capsules as a dosage form?
What characterizes capsules as a dosage form?
What should be considered when using an electronic balance?
What should be considered when using an electronic balance?
Which solid dosage form is often prepared by molding or compression?
Which solid dosage form is often prepared by molding or compression?
Which type of capsule is designed to hold powders, semisolids, or liquids?
Which type of capsule is designed to hold powders, semisolids, or liquids?
What is the primary use of powders in reconstitution?
What is the primary use of powders in reconstitution?
Which calculation is crucial in pharmaceutical compounding?
Which calculation is crucial in pharmaceutical compounding?
What technique reduces particle size?
What technique reduces particle size?
What is the main focus of pre-formulation studies?
What is the main focus of pre-formulation studies?
What is essential for patient compliance regarding the dosage form?
What is essential for patient compliance regarding the dosage form?
What is the role of the 'Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient' (API) in a dosage form?
What is the role of the 'Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient' (API) in a dosage form?
What is the function of excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
What is the function of excipients in pharmaceutical formulations?
Why is packaging important?
Why is packaging important?
What is a 'diluent' used for in tablet formulation?
What is a 'diluent' used for in tablet formulation?
What is magnesium stearate commonly used for?
What is magnesium stearate commonly used for?
What is the purpose of enteric coating?
What is the purpose of enteric coating?
What should be protected from moisture and heat?
What should be protected from moisture and heat?
What is a key function of a coarse mortar and pestle?
What is a key function of a coarse mortar and pestle?
What is a key application for solid dosage form powders?
What is a key application for solid dosage form powders?
What is a ‘binder’ in the context of tablet formulation?
What is a ‘binder’ in the context of tablet formulation?
What characterizes capsules?
What characterizes capsules?
Which of the following is a common use of trituration?
Which of the following is a common use of trituration?
What is the purpose of using a levigating agent in compounding?
What is the purpose of using a levigating agent in compounding?
What is the primary reason for pulverization by intervention?
What is the primary reason for pulverization by intervention?
Which type of tablet is designed to dissolve under the tongue?
Which type of tablet is designed to dissolve under the tongue?
What is a key advantage of capsules?
What is a key advantage of capsules?
Why should powders not be used for drugs with a disagreeable taste?
Why should powders not be used for drugs with a disagreeable taste?
What is something to watch for when compounding?
What is something to watch for when compounding?
Which type of mortar and pestle should not be used with potent drugs?
Which type of mortar and pestle should not be used with potent drugs?
What should a pharmacist ensure about an electronic balance before using it?
What should a pharmacist ensure about an electronic balance before using it?
What is the general rule for storing solid dosage forms?
What is the general rule for storing solid dosage forms?
What is a good capsule size to select when compounding?
What is a good capsule size to select when compounding?
What kind of paper should be used when packing capsules?
What kind of paper should be used when packing capsules?
Why should capsules be weighed after packing?
Why should capsules be weighed after packing?
What solid dosage form can be altered most easily for medication dose?
What solid dosage form can be altered most easily for medication dose?
What character trait promotes the success of solid dosage forms?
What character trait promotes the success of solid dosage forms?
When are film coatings used in solid dose compounds?
When are film coatings used in solid dose compounds?
Which of these describes the nature of divided powder?
Which of these describes the nature of divided powder?
Which of the following is a solid dosage form?
Which of the following is a solid dosage form?
Which of the following tablet types is designed to dissolve in the mouth?
Which of the following tablet types is designed to dissolve in the mouth?
What does 'API' stand for in pharmaceutical compounding?
What does 'API' stand for in pharmaceutical compounding?
Ascorbic Acid is an example of what?
Ascorbic Acid is an example of what?
What is the purpose of a humectant?
What is the purpose of a humectant?
What type of mortar and pestle is best for reducing the particle size of hard crystals?
What type of mortar and pestle is best for reducing the particle size of hard crystals?
What is the first step in compounding approach?
What is the first step in compounding approach?
What is a key factor when selecting a solid dosage form?
What is a key factor when selecting a solid dosage form?
Which of these characteristics applies to solid dosage form powders?
Which of these characteristics applies to solid dosage form powders?
What is the purpose of 'tare' when using an electronic balance?
What is the purpose of 'tare' when using an electronic balance?
Which of the below is NOT a type of tablet?
Which of the below is NOT a type of tablet?
Which of the following describes a capsule?
Which of the following describes a capsule?
Which technique involves reducing particle size by using a solvent that is later evaporated?
Which technique involves reducing particle size by using a solvent that is later evaporated?
What is one reason powders are not typically used for drugs with a disagreeable taste?
What is one reason powders are not typically used for drugs with a disagreeable taste?
Before using an electronic balance, what should a pharmacist ensure?
Before using an electronic balance, what should a pharmacist ensure?
What type of substance is lactose used for in compounding?
What type of substance is lactose used for in compounding?
What should be protected from moisture and heat to ensure stability?
What should be protected from moisture and heat to ensure stability?
Which of the following is a common application for solid dosage form powders?
Which of the following is a common application for solid dosage form powders?
What best describes capsules?
What best describes capsules?
Trituration is best described as what?
Trituration is best described as what?
What is the use for a levigating agent in compounding?
What is the use for a levigating agent in compounding?
What is the main goal of pulverization by intervention?
What is the main goal of pulverization by intervention?
Which of the following tablet types is designed to be placed under the tongue for absorption?
Which of the following tablet types is designed to be placed under the tongue for absorption?
Why should capsules generally be weighed after packing?
Why should capsules generally be weighed after packing?
What should be watched for when compounding?
What should be watched for when compounding?
Which of the following is a source of API?
Which of the following is a source of API?
Which is NOT an application of geometric mixing?
Which is NOT an application of geometric mixing?
What is a common use of a coarse mortar and pestle?
What is a common use of a coarse mortar and pestle?
Which packaging is considered during dosage from fundamentals?
Which packaging is considered during dosage from fundamentals?
Which characteristic applies to solid dosage form capsules?
Which characteristic applies to solid dosage form capsules?
What is the name of the bulking agent to provide a tablet's size?
What is the name of the bulking agent to provide a tablet's size?
Which administration can bulk powders use?
Which administration can bulk powders use?
Which solid dosage form is made by molding or compression?
Which solid dosage form is made by molding or compression?
What kind of capsules can hold powders, semisolids, or liquids?
What kind of capsules can hold powders, semisolids, or liquids?
What type of powders are used in reconstitution?
What type of powders are used in reconstitution?
What is required for patient compliance regarding dosage forms?
What is required for patient compliance regarding dosage forms?
What is the role of the 'Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient' (API)?
What is the role of the 'Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient' (API)?
What is the purpose of using magnesium stearate?
What is the purpose of using magnesium stearate?
What is a ‘binder’ used for in tablet formulation?
What is a ‘binder’ used for in tablet formulation?
What solid dosage form can easily have its medication dose altered?
What solid dosage form can easily have its medication dose altered?
What is the purpose of 'tare' on an electronic balance?
What is the purpose of 'tare' on an electronic balance?
Which tablet is designed to dissolve in the mouth?
Which tablet is designed to dissolve in the mouth?
Which factor is key when selecting a solid dosage form?
Which factor is key when selecting a solid dosage form?
What is the main focus of pre-formulation?
What is the main focus of pre-formulation?
What is important to consider when compounding?
What is important to consider when compounding?
Which step is not involved with compounding approach?
Which step is not involved with compounding approach?
What characteristic is the administration device packaging based on?
What characteristic is the administration device packaging based on?
What is a common use of a mortar and pestle with a smooth surface?
What is a common use of a mortar and pestle with a smooth surface?
What should be considered when using a spatula?
What should be considered when using a spatula?
Geometric mixing is primarily used to:
Geometric mixing is primarily used to:
What is the common use of a diluent?
What is the common use of a diluent?
Which dosage form is characterized by enclosing a drug substance within a shell?
Which dosage form is characterized by enclosing a drug substance within a shell?
For which patient population are powders particularly advantageous due to ease of dose adjustment?
For which patient population are powders particularly advantageous due to ease of dose adjustment?
What is the primary focus of the pre-formulation stage in compounding a new solid dosage form?
What is the primary focus of the pre-formulation stage in compounding a new solid dosage form?
Which objective of dosage form design is most directly related to a drug's therapeutic effectiveness?
Which objective of dosage form design is most directly related to a drug's therapeutic effectiveness?
What role do excipients primarily serve in a pharmaceutical formulation?
What role do excipients primarily serve in a pharmaceutical formulation?
Why is packaging considered a fundamental component of a dosage form?
Why is packaging considered a fundamental component of a dosage form?
If a drug is sourced as a 'modified drug,' what form might it likely be in?
If a drug is sourced as a 'modified drug,' what form might it likely be in?
Which type of excipient is used to maintain powder dryness and prevent caking?
Which type of excipient is used to maintain powder dryness and prevent caking?
Ascorbic acid is included in a formulation primarily as which type of excipient?
Ascorbic acid is included in a formulation primarily as which type of excipient?
What is the function of a 'binder' in tablet formulation?
What is the function of a 'binder' in tablet formulation?
Shellac and gelatin are examples of excipients used for what purpose in solid dosage forms?
Shellac and gelatin are examples of excipients used for what purpose in solid dosage forms?
Lactose, mannitol, and cellulose are commonly used in tablets as:
Lactose, mannitol, and cellulose are commonly used in tablets as:
Which type of coating is designed to prevent drug dissolution in the stomach but allow it in the intestines?
Which type of coating is designed to prevent drug dissolution in the stomach but allow it in the intestines?
Sorbitol and glycerin function as what type of excipient, preventing preparations from drying out?
Sorbitol and glycerin function as what type of excipient, preventing preparations from drying out?
Magnesium stearate is primarily used in tablet manufacturing as a:
Magnesium stearate is primarily used in tablet manufacturing as a:
Sodium benzoate and benzalkonium chloride are added to formulations to act as:
Sodium benzoate and benzalkonium chloride are added to formulations to act as:
What type of mortar and pestle is best suited for particle size reduction of hard crystalline solids?
What type of mortar and pestle is best suited for particle size reduction of hard crystalline solids?
What is the purpose of 'tare' function when using an electronic balance in compounding?
What is the purpose of 'tare' function when using an electronic balance in compounding?
Which particle size reduction technique involves dissolving a substance in a solvent and then evaporating the solvent to obtain a fine powder?
Which particle size reduction technique involves dissolving a substance in a solvent and then evaporating the solvent to obtain a fine powder?
In geometric dilution (mixing), how are two or more powder ingredients typically combined to ensure uniform mixing?
In geometric dilution (mixing), how are two or more powder ingredients typically combined to ensure uniform mixing?
Why are tablets described as being available 'only in fixed dosage strengths' in commercial manufacturing?
Why are tablets described as being available 'only in fixed dosage strengths' in commercial manufacturing?
Which type of tablet is designed to be placed under the tongue for rapid absorption?
Which type of tablet is designed to be placed under the tongue for rapid absorption?
In a typical uncoated tablet formulation, what is the role of a 'disintegrant'?
In a typical uncoated tablet formulation, what is the role of a 'disintegrant'?
Why are powders generally not suitable for drugs with a very bitter or unpleasant taste?
Why are powders generally not suitable for drugs with a very bitter or unpleasant taste?
For bulk powders, what is a crucial aspect of patient administration?
For bulk powders, what is a crucial aspect of patient administration?
In the batch size calculation for powders, if a prescription requires 3mg of drug per dose and #10 doses, and commercial tablets contain 12.5mg of the drug, how many tablets are needed?
In the batch size calculation for powders, if a prescription requires 3mg of drug per dose and #10 doses, and commercial tablets contain 12.5mg of the drug, how many tablets are needed?
If the target weight for a divided powder is 250mg, and you need to prepare 12.5 doses, what is the total blended weight?
If the target weight for a divided powder is 250mg, and you need to prepare 12.5 doses, what is the total blended weight?
When compounding powder-filled capsules, what is the purpose of calibrating the capsule?
When compounding powder-filled capsules, what is the purpose of calibrating the capsule?
What is a key advantage of capsules over tablets in compounding settings?
What is a key advantage of capsules over tablets in compounding settings?
What type of paper is recommended for packing capsules during compounding?
What type of paper is recommended for packing capsules during compounding?
Why is it important to weigh each capsule after packing in a compounding setting?
Why is it important to weigh each capsule after packing in a compounding setting?
When selecting a mortar and pestle, what is the primary consideration regarding the surface for emulsion formulation?
When selecting a mortar and pestle, what is the primary consideration regarding the surface for emulsion formulation?
What is the 'Lightest Weighable Quantity' (LWQ) referring to in the context of electronic balances used in compounding?
What is the 'Lightest Weighable Quantity' (LWQ) referring to in the context of electronic balances used in compounding?
Which of the following techniques is considered a 'wet' method of particle size reduction?
Which of the following techniques is considered a 'wet' method of particle size reduction?
What is the primary reason for using geometric mixing in powder compounding?
What is the primary reason for using geometric mixing in powder compounding?
Which factor is most critical for ensuring the stability of solid dosage forms during storage?
Which factor is most critical for ensuring the stability of solid dosage forms during storage?
In the context of solid dosage form design, what is the most critical rationale for ensuring drug bioavailability?
In the context of solid dosage form design, what is the most critical rationale for ensuring drug bioavailability?
Considering the objectives of dosage form design, which factor primarily dictates the selection of packaging materials for solid dosage forms?
Considering the objectives of dosage form design, which factor primarily dictates the selection of packaging materials for solid dosage forms?
In pharmaceutical compounding, what is the most significant implication of utilizing a 'modified drug' as the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) source?
In pharmaceutical compounding, what is the most significant implication of utilizing a 'modified drug' as the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) source?
Which of the following scenarios would most necessitate the use of geometric mixing in solid dosage form compounding?
Which of the following scenarios would most necessitate the use of geometric mixing in solid dosage form compounding?
For which of the following solid dosage forms is 'calibration' of the container an essential step in the compounding process to ensure accurate dosing?
For which of the following solid dosage forms is 'calibration' of the container an essential step in the compounding process to ensure accurate dosing?
What is the primary rationale for employing pulverization by intervention as a particle size reduction technique in pharmaceutical compounding?
What is the primary rationale for employing pulverization by intervention as a particle size reduction technique in pharmaceutical compounding?
In the formulation of uncoated tablets, what is the principal role of a 'disintegrant' excipient?
In the formulation of uncoated tablets, what is the principal role of a 'disintegrant' excipient?
Considering patient compliance, which of the following characteristics of solid dosage forms is most directly influenced by the inclusion of flavoring agents and sweeteners?
Considering patient compliance, which of the following characteristics of solid dosage forms is most directly influenced by the inclusion of flavoring agents and sweeteners?
What is the most crucial consideration when selecting a mortar and pestle with a coarse surface for pharmaceutical compounding?
What is the most crucial consideration when selecting a mortar and pestle with a coarse surface for pharmaceutical compounding?
Which of the following techniques is considered a 'wet' method of particle size reduction and relies on the use of a non-solvent?
Which of the following techniques is considered a 'wet' method of particle size reduction and relies on the use of a non-solvent?
If a pharmacist needs to compound 10 powder packets, each containing 3 mg of an API sourced from commercial tablets that contain 12.5 mg of the API per tablet, what is the minimum number of tablets required for this compounding process?
If a pharmacist needs to compound 10 powder packets, each containing 3 mg of an API sourced from commercial tablets that contain 12.5 mg of the API per tablet, what is the minimum number of tablets required for this compounding process?
For a divided powder preparation requiring a target weight of 250mg per dose for 12 doses, what is the total blended powder weight that must be prepared?
For a divided powder preparation requiring a target weight of 250mg per dose for 12 doses, what is the total blended powder weight that must be prepared?
When compounding powder-filled capsules, what is the primary purpose of 'calibrating' the capsule using lactose before incorporating the active drug?
When compounding powder-filled capsules, what is the primary purpose of 'calibrating' the capsule using lactose before incorporating the active drug?
Which type of paper is most appropriate for packing compounded capsules to ensure drug stability and prevent interactions?
Which type of paper is most appropriate for packing compounded capsules to ensure drug stability and prevent interactions?
Why is it essential to weigh each capsule individually after packing in a pharmaceutical compounding setting, especially for powder-filled capsules?
Why is it essential to weigh each capsule individually after packing in a pharmaceutical compounding setting, especially for powder-filled capsules?
What is the 'Lightest Weighable Quantity' (LWQ) of an electronic balance primarily designed to determine in pharmaceutical compounding practices?
What is the 'Lightest Weighable Quantity' (LWQ) of an electronic balance primarily designed to determine in pharmaceutical compounding practices?
In the context of dosage form fundamentals, what is the most significant role of 'excipients' in a pharmaceutical formulation?
In the context of dosage form fundamentals, what is the most significant role of 'excipients' in a pharmaceutical formulation?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of pre-formulation studies in solid dosage form development?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of pre-formulation studies in solid dosage form development?
What is the primary reason for using enteric coating on tablets or capsules in solid dosage form design?
What is the primary reason for using enteric coating on tablets or capsules in solid dosage form design?
Which of the following excipients is primarily used as a 'humectant' in pharmaceutical formulations?
Which of the following excipients is primarily used as a 'humectant' in pharmaceutical formulations?
In tablet formulation, what is the function of a 'binder'?
In tablet formulation, what is the function of a 'binder'?
Which type of mortar and pestle is generally recommended for reducing the particle size of hard, crystalline solids in pharmaceutical compounding?
Which type of mortar and pestle is generally recommended for reducing the particle size of hard, crystalline solids in pharmaceutical compounding?
What is the purpose of the 'tare' function on an electronic balance in pharmaceutical compounding?
What is the purpose of the 'tare' function on an electronic balance in pharmaceutical compounding?
Which particle size reduction technique involves dissolving a substance in a solvent and then precipitating it out of solution to obtain a finer powder?
Which particle size reduction technique involves dissolving a substance in a solvent and then precipitating it out of solution to obtain a finer powder?
In geometric dilution, how are two or more powder ingredients with significantly different quantities typically mixed to ensure homogeneity?
In geometric dilution, how are two or more powder ingredients with significantly different quantities typically mixed to ensure homogeneity?
Why are commercially manufactured tablets typically available 'only in fixed dosage strengths'?
Why are commercially manufactured tablets typically available 'only in fixed dosage strengths'?
Which type of tablet is specifically designed to be placed under the tongue for rapid drug absorption and systemic effect?
Which type of tablet is specifically designed to be placed under the tongue for rapid drug absorption and systemic effect?
In a standard uncoated tablet formulation, what is the primary function of a 'lubricant' excipient?
In a standard uncoated tablet formulation, what is the primary function of a 'lubricant' excipient?
Why are powders generally considered unsuitable for drugs with a very bitter or unpleasant taste?
Why are powders generally considered unsuitable for drugs with a very bitter or unpleasant taste?
For bulk powders, what is a critical aspect of patient administration that must be clearly communicated to ensure safe and effective use?
For bulk powders, what is a critical aspect of patient administration that must be clearly communicated to ensure safe and effective use?
In the context of capsule compounding, what is the primary advantage of using capsules over tablets for certain formulations prepared by a pharmacist?
In the context of capsule compounding, what is the primary advantage of using capsules over tablets for certain formulations prepared by a pharmacist?
If a compounded powder formulation is described as 'divided powder,' what does this designation primarily indicate about the dosage form?
If a compounded powder formulation is described as 'divided powder,' what does this designation primarily indicate about the dosage form?
Which of the following best describes the term 'comminution' in pharmaceutical compounding?
Which of the following best describes the term 'comminution' in pharmaceutical compounding?
Flashcards
What are Powders?
What are Powders?
Dosage forms consisting of mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and excipients for internal or external application.
What are Capsules?
What are Capsules?
Dosage forms in which unit doses of powder, semisolid, or liquid drugs are enclosed in a hard or soft shell.
What are Tablets?
What are Tablets?
Solid preparations, each containing a single dose, made by compressing or molding.
What is Comminution?
What is Comminution?
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What is Geometric Mixing?
What is Geometric Mixing?
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What are Excipients?
What are Excipients?
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What is Bioavailability?
What is Bioavailability?
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Mortar and Pestle
Mortar and Pestle
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What is Packaging?
What is Packaging?
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What is API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient)?
What is API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient)?
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Types of Tablets
Types of Tablets
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Types of Capsules
Types of Capsules
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Types of Powders
Types of Powders
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Molded vs. Compressed Tablets
Molded vs. Compressed Tablets
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Focus of Pre-formulation
Focus of Pre-formulation
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Compounding Approach Steps
Compounding Approach Steps
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Bioavailability Objective
Bioavailability Objective
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Stability Objective
Stability Objective
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Compliance Objective
Compliance Objective
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Marketing Objective
Marketing Objective
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Administration Device
Administration Device
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Adsorbent (Excipient)
Adsorbent (Excipient)
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Antioxidant (Excipient)
Antioxidant (Excipient)
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Binders (Excipient)
Binders (Excipient)
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Coatings (Excipient)
Coatings (Excipient)
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Flavoring agent (Excipient)
Flavoring agent (Excipient)
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Humectant (Excipient)
Humectant (Excipient)
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Lubricant/ Anti-adherent (Excipient)
Lubricant/ Anti-adherent (Excipient)
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Preservatives (Excipient)
Preservatives (Excipient)
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Coarse Surface Use
Coarse Surface Use
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Smooth Surface Use
Smooth Surface Use
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Electronic Balance Leveling
Electronic Balance Leveling
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Pulverization by Intervention
Pulverization by Intervention
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Powder Application
Powder Application
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Capsule Application
Capsule Application
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Diluent (Filler)
Diluent (Filler)
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Disintegrant
Disintegrant
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Lubricant
Lubricant
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Enteric Coating
Enteric Coating
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Trituration
Trituration
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Levigation
Levigation
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Colored Lactose Use
Colored Lactose Use
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Solids-Filled Capsules
Solids-Filled Capsules
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Minimum Weighable Quantity
Minimum Weighable Quantity
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Coloring Agent (Excipient)
Coloring Agent (Excipient)
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Tablet Forms
Tablet Forms
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Bioavailability of a drug
Bioavailability of a drug
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Compounding references
Compounding references
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Particle size reduction
Particle size reduction
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Why use Geometric mixing?
Why use Geometric mixing?
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Pre-formulation focus?
Pre-formulation focus?
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Weighing device considerations
Weighing device considerations
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Dry trituration
Dry trituration
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Types of compounded powders
Types of compounded powders
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Tablets
Tablets
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Capsules
Capsules
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Powders
Powders
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Drug Properties Focus
Drug Properties Focus
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Packaging Considerations
Packaging Considerations
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Geometric Mixing
Geometric Mixing
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Comminution
Comminution
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Coarse Mortar Surface
Coarse Mortar Surface
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Smooth Mortar Surface
Smooth Mortar Surface
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Electronic Balance Level
Electronic Balance Level
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Pediatric/Geriatric powders
Pediatric/Geriatric powders
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Reason reasonably stable
Reason reasonably stable
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Diluent
Diluent
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Lubricant (in Tablet Manufacturing)
Lubricant (in Tablet Manufacturing)
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Geometric Dilution
Geometric Dilution
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Solubility and stability
Solubility and stability
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Pulverizing Intervention
Pulverizing Intervention
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Compounded Powders
Compounded Powders
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Study Notes
Solids Dosage Forms
- Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders.
- Tablets can be uncoated, coated (functional and non-functional), chewable, sublingual, buccal, effervescent, or oral disintegrating.
- Capsules can be solid-filled, liquid-filled, or semisolid-filled.
- Powders can be for reconstitution, divided, or bulk.
Common Compounded Solids
- Tablets are typically molded or compressed, and capsules are solid-filled or liquid-filled.
- Powders are divided or dispensed in bulk.
Compounding Approach
- Pre-formulation involves understanding the drug's properties, particularly solubility and stability.
- References include reference books, acceptable formulations with stability data, and commercial products.
- Formulation design is a key step in the compounding process.
Dosage Form Fundamentals Objectives
- Bioavailability is necessary for the drug to exert its pharmacologic effect.
- Stability ensures the product remains usable throughout its shelf life.
- Compliance is achieved by formulating the product in a way that encourages patient adherence.
- Marketing considerations affect dosage form design, including patents and trademarks.
Dosage Form Fundamentals Composition
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the active drug substance.
- Excipients support the absorption or stability of the API or are needed for manufacturing.
- Packaging protects the dosage form's integrity.
- An administration device may be necessary for drug delivery.
API properties
- The source can be a pure drug, a modified salt form (HCl), or a commercial product (capsule, extended release, delayed release).
- Strength of the drug can be available in high and low dosages with appropriate ingredients.
Excipients
- Adsorbents like magnesium oxide/carbonate keep powders dry.
- Antioxidants prevent oxidation, examples including ascorbic acid.
- Binders such as acacia hold powders together.
- Coatings (regular) like shellac prevent degradation.
- Coloring agents like FD&C Red No. 3 provide color.
- Diluents (filler) such as starches add size to small dosages.
- Disintegrants like alginic acid cause tablets to swell and burst.
- Enteric coatings like shellac prevent dissolution in the stomach.
- Flavoring agents such as mannitol mask bitter flavors.
- Humectants like glycerin prevent preparations from becoming brittle.
- Lubricants such as magnesium stearate help prevent ingredients from sticking.
- Preservatives like sodium benzoate prevent microbial growth.
Packaging and Administration
- Packaging should suit the drug's use and its characteristics.
- Administration devices include measuring devices for bulk powders.
Compounding Techniques and Equipment
- Mortar and pestle with a coarse surface are used for particle size reduction of hard solids (crystalline), and emulsion formulation.
- A smooth surface mortar and pestle is suitable for all other applications.
- Avoid drug loss in mortar, especially with potent drugs.
- Spatulas can be metal or rubber.
- Weighing devices: Minimum weighable quantity (LWQ) on electronic balances in the lab: 40mg, plus leveling and tare usage.
- Particle size reduction via trituration (dry), levigation (wet), pulverization, or mechanical methods.
- Geometric mixing ensures uniform distribution of substances.
Solid Dosage Forms - Tablets
- Tablets are the most frequently prescribed dosage form.
- Tablets are convenient for handling, identification, and administration.
- Tablets are easy to prepare and are made at a rate of thousands per minute.
- Tablets are only available in fixed dosage strengths, with few compounded.
- Store tablets at room temperature and are labeled with the mode of administration.
- Tablet types include uncoated, coated, chewable, sublingual, buccal, effervescent, and oral disintegrating tablets.
Tablet Formulation
- Drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient).
- Diluent (Filler) which adds bulk for appropriate tablet size.
- Binder (“Glue”) that holds the tablet together.
- Disintegrant, which is a swelling agent to facilitate dissolution and bioavailability.
- Lubricant, which is waxy material for powder flow in manufacturing.
Solid Dosage Forms - Powders
- Powders are thorough mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and excipients for internal and external use.
- Advantageous for pediatric and geriatric patients who have difficulty swallowing.
- The quantity of medication can easily be altered.
- Have a rapid onset of action.
- Should not be used for drugs with a disagreeable taste or caustic in nature.
- Powders have uniform and small particle size.
- They are more stable than liquid dosage forms and are rapidly soluble and absorbed.
- Divided powders and bulk powders are common compounded forms.
- Bulk powders require patients to measure the desired quantity of each dose and measure large SA exposed to atmospheric conditions.
- Large particles that are more dense tend to settle more rapidly than small particles.
Powder Calculations
- To prepare Captopril powder 3 mg/dose #10, with instructions to administer 1 packet to child in food daily.
- Use commercial tablets containing 12.5 mg captopril, 12.5 mg captopril + 47.5 mg excipients.
Solid Dosage Forms - Capsules
- Capsules are dosage forms in which unit doses of powder, semisolid, or liquid drugs are enclosed in either a hard or soft shell.
- Solids-filled, powder-filled, granule-filled, capsule within a capsule, tablet within a capsule, liquid-filled and semisolid-filled.
- Capsules are the most versatile of all dosage forms.
- Capsules are amenable to small-scale compounding by a pharmacist and provide dosing flexibility.
- Capsules are available in different sizes, shapes, and colors, and can conceal unpalatable drug taste.
- Calibrate capsules (select capsule size) using the punch method, and fill with lactose and weigh.
- Capsules are stored based on the characteristics of the drug they contain and are stable, for protection from moisture and heat.
Considerations for Pharmaceutical Solids and Solid Compounding
- Use proper equipment such as glass or porcelain mortar and pestle.
- Ensure electronic balance is levelled and tared.
- Ensure proper storage in appropriate temperature.
- Use correct ingredients and calculations, and accurate capsule calibration.
- Use geometric mixing and pack capsule using white bond paper.
- Weigh each capsule and dispense in the proper container.
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Description
Explore solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders. Learn about pre-formulation, drug properties, and formulation design. Understand bioavailability and stability for effective compounding.
