Solar Energy Principles and Fuel Cells Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the principle behind solar photovoltaic cells?

  • The storage of light energy in batteries
  • The conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy
  • The generation of electricity from light (correct)
  • The generation of heat from sunlight

What material is primarily used in the construction of solar PV cells?

  • Copper
  • Silicon (correct)
  • Lead
  • Germanium

What does doping a semiconductor create?

  • Regions with excess or deficient electrons (correct)
  • Regions that are opaque to light
  • Regions with varying temperatures
  • Regions that emit fluorescence

What type of current is generated by solar PV cells?

<p>Direct Current (DC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the anti-reflective coating play in solar PV cells?

<p>It maximizes light absorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when photons strike the semiconductor material in a solar PV cell?

<p>They excite electrons and free them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed at the p-n junction during the operation of a solar PV cell?

<p>An electric field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically required to convert the DC electricity from solar cells into AC for practical applications?

<p>An inverter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective feature is often used to encapsulate solar PV cells?

<p>Glass shield (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In solar PV cells, what do the metal contacts allow?

<p>Flow of electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conversion efficiency in solar cells defined as?

<p>The ratio of electrical power output to incident solar power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature impact solar cell efficiency?

<p>Efficiency decreases as temperature rises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fuel is commonly used in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)?

<p>Hydrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a fuel cell, what happens at the anode during the oxidation reaction?

<p>Electrons are generated and protons are produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fuel cell is primarily used for transportation applications?

<p>Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)?

<p>Portable electronic devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hydraulic fracturing in the Hot Dry Rock system?

<p>To enhance the permeability of the rock for water circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fuel cell is known for operating at high temperatures around 800-1,000°C?

<p>Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using fuel cells in backup power systems?

<p>Reliable power during outages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of a solar cell's material affects its efficiency?

<p>Quality and presence of defects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of HDR systems?

<p>Electricity generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern related to the operation of HDR systems?

<p>Insufficient hot rock depth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vapor-dominated systems, how is steam used for electricity generation?

<p>High-temperature steam drives turbines directly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of binary fluid systems?

<p>They use a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point than water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the total flow concept in geothermal power systems allow?

<p>To combine heating applications with electricity generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential environmental challenge of HDR systems?

<p>Induced seismicity from high-pressure water injection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of geothermal system is characterized by extracting high-pressure hot water and causing it to vaporize?

<p>Flash steam systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes liquid-dominated systems?

<p>They operate at low to moderate temperatures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with the scalability of HDR systems?

<p>High capital investment costs and technical viability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of HDR systems?

<p>Instantaneous electricity storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of doping in semiconductors used in solar PV cells?

<p>To create regions with excess and deficient electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in a solar PV cell allows electrons to flow out of the cell for external use?

<p>Metal contacts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of electric current is primarily produced by solar photovoltaic cells?

<p>Direct current (DC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element formed at the p-n junction in solar photovoltaic cells?

<p>An electric field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the anti-reflective coating serve in solar photovoltaic cells?

<p>It minimizes reflection of sunlight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is typically used for the metal contacts in solar PV cells?

<p>Aluminium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons after they are freed in a solar PV cell?

<p>They flow towards the n-type region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an inverter in solar photovoltaic systems?

<p>To convert DC electricity to AC electricity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the construction of solar PV cells help in maximizing light absorption?

<p>By applying an anti-reflective coating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factors must solar PV cells be shielded against?

<p>Moisture and dust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of vapor-dominated systems?

<p>They extract steam directly from the reservoir for electricity generation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application is NOT typically associated with HDR systems?

<p>Natural gas extraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the operation of HDR systems?

<p>Potential for induced seismicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes binary fluid systems from traditional steam-based systems?

<p>They utilize a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the flash steam system operate?

<p>It involves a rapid reduction in pressure to vaporize water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using total flow concept in geothermal power systems?

<p>It maximizes the utilization of the geothermal resource. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does the success of HDR systems heavily depend on?

<p>Presence of hot rocks at adequate depths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of liquid-dominated geothermal systems?

<p>Water is the dominant phase and is used for heating applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is related to scalability in HDR systems?

<p>Insufficient investment for technological development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor negatively impacts the efficiency of solar cells?

<p>Increased temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anode in a fuel cell?

<p>To supply hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fuel cell is most suitable for high-temperature stationary power generation?

<p>Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a by-product generated during the functioning of a fuel cell?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Hot Dry Rock system, what is the main purpose of drilling deep wells?

<p>To access hot rock formations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction occurring in a hydrogen fuel cell?

<p>2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key characteristic of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)?

<p>Use a solid polymer electrolyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main applications of fuel cells in military settings?

<p>In submarines for underwater missions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process characterizes the phase of hydraulic fracturing in the Hot Dry Rock system?

<p>Creating fractures in hot rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fuel cell is noted for its historical use in space missions?

<p>Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Solar PV Cell

A device that converts sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaic Effect

The generation of an electric current when light shines on a material.

Semiconductor

A material with electrical conductivity between that of a metal and an insulator.

Silicon

The common material used to make solar cells due to its excellent properties for the photovoltaic effect.

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P-N Junction

A boundary between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials that is crucial for the photovoltaic effect.

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Doping

The process of adding small amounts of other elements to a semiconductor to modify its electrical properties.

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Photon

A particle of light.

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Direct Current (DC)

An electric current that flows in one direction around a circuit.

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Anti-reflective Coating

A layer on the surface of the solar cell designed to maximize light absorption.

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Conversion Efficiency

The percentage of sunlight energy converted into electricity.

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Solar Cell Conversion Efficiency

The percentage of sunlight a solar cell transforms into usable electricity.

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Fuel Cell

Electrochemical device converting chemical energy to electricity directly.

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Fuel Cell Anode

Negative electrode in a fuel cell where fuel input oxidizes.

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Fuel Cell Cathode

Positive electrode where protons and electrons combine with oxygen.

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PEMFC

Fuel cell type using a solid polymer electrolyte.

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HDR System

Geothermal energy method creating fractures in hot rocks to circulate water for electricity.

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Hydraulic Fracturing(HDR)

Creating fractures in hot rocks by high-pressure water injection.

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Solar Cell Material Quality

Affecting solar cell efficiency, better quality materials have fewer defects.

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Geothermal Energy

Energy harnessed from the Earth's internal heat.

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Solar Spectrum

Sunlight with a variety of wavelengths.

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HDR Systems

Enhanced geothermal systems that create fractures in hot rocks to extract heat for energy generation.

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Induced Seismicity

Earthquakes triggered by human activities, a concern in HDR systems.

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Vapor-Dominated Systems

Geothermal systems using steam from high-temperature reservoirs for direct turbine use.

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Liquid-Dominated Systems

Geothermal systems using hot water from moderate-temperature reservoirs.

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Flash Steam Systems

High-pressure hot water rapidly reduced to create steam for electricity generation, a method used in both vapor and liquid dominated reservoirs.

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Binary Fluid Systems

Using a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point to generate electricity from lower-temperature resources.

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Total Flow Concept

Utilizing all geothermal fluid for both direct use (heating) and electricity generation.

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Resource Expansion

HDR systems' capabilities to access geothermal resources previously inaccessible due to conventional methods.

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Geothermal Electricity Generation

Turning heat from the Earth into electricity using steam or hot water to drive turbines.

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Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Using geothermal heat for both electricity generation and direct heating.

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Solar PV cell principle

Sunlight converts to electricity via the photovoltaic effect.

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Semiconductor Material

Material in solar cells (e.g., silicon) that conducts electricity better than insulators but less than metals.

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Doping

Adding special atoms to a semiconductor to control its electrical properties.

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P-N Junction

Boundary between two types of semiconductors (p-type and n-type) in a solar cell.

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Photovoltaic Effect

Light creates a voltage (electricity) in a material.

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Conversion Efficiency

Percentage of sunlight turned into usable electricity.

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Metal Contacts

Parts of a solar cell that collect and carry the produced electrical current.

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Anti-reflective Coating

Layer on a solar cell to reduce light reflection and increase absorption.

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Direct Current (DC)

Electric current that flows in one direction.

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Encapsulation

Protective covering for a solar cell.

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Solar Cell Efficiency

The measure of how well a solar cell converts sunlight into electricity.

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Fuel Cell

A device that directly converts chemical energy into electricity.

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Fuel Cell Anode

The negative electrode where the fuel is oxidized.

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Fuel Cell Cathode

The positive electrode where oxygen reacts with protons and electrons.

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PEMFC

A type of fuel cell using a solid polymer electrolyte.

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HDR System

A geothermal method of creating fractures in hot rocks to extract heat.

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Solar Cell Material Quality

High-quality materials in solar cells have fewer defects, resulting in better performance.

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Hydraulic Fracturing

Creating fractures in rocks by injecting water at high pressure.

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Solar Spectrum

The range of wavelengths in sunlight.

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Geothermal Energy

Energy harnessed from the Earth's internal heat.

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HDR System

A geothermal energy system that creates fractures in hot rocks to circulate water and extract heat for energy generation.

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Induced Seismicity

Earthquakes triggered by human activities, a concern in HDR systems.

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Vapor-Dominated Systems

Geothermal systems using steam directly from high-temperature reservoirs for power generation.

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Liquid-Dominated Systems

Geothermal systems utilizing hot water from moderate-temperature reservoirs for power generation.

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Flash Steam Systems

High-pressure hot water is rapidly depressurized to create steam for power generation.

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Binary Fluid Systems

Uses a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point to extract energy from lower-temperature resources.

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Total Flow Concept

Utilizing the entire geothermal fluid flow for both direct heating and power generation.

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Resource Expansion

HDR systems' ability to access areas previously inaccessible to conventional geothermal methods.

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Geographical Flexibility

HDR systems are not limited to specific geological settings.

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Scalability

HDR systems have the potential for larger and more powerful geothermal projects.

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