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Questions and Answers
What is converted into heat instead of electrical energy in a solar cell?
What is converted into heat instead of electrical energy in a solar cell?
- Short-circuit current
- Excess energy generated (correct)
- Absorbed radiation energy
- Open-circuit voltage
Which charge carriers migrate from the negative to positive side in the space charge region of a solar cell?
Which charge carriers migrate from the negative to positive side in the space charge region of a solar cell?
- Neutrons
- Protons
- Holes (correct)
- Electrons
What cross-sectional area should the cable between the module and the battery have to ensure voltage loss does not exceed 3% for a 12-volt system?
What cross-sectional area should the cable between the module and the battery have to ensure voltage loss does not exceed 3% for a 12-volt system?
- 0.17 mm2
- 1.5 mm2
- 0.2 mm2
- 0.35 mm2 (correct)
How is the efficiency of a solar cell calculated?
How is the efficiency of a solar cell calculated?
What are the applications of solar photovoltaic systems listed in the text?
What are the applications of solar photovoltaic systems listed in the text?
What happens to the open-circuit voltage of a solar cell as the temperature increases at constant radiation intensity?
What happens to the open-circuit voltage of a solar cell as the temperature increases at constant radiation intensity?
If a solar-powered pump requires 15 hp with a safety factor of 1.6, what is the total power required for the system?
If a solar-powered pump requires 15 hp with a safety factor of 1.6, what is the total power required for the system?
How many strings are needed to deliver the power required by the 800-volt inverter?
How many strings are needed to deliver the power required by the 800-volt inverter?
How many modules are required for the solar-powered pump with module specifications of Wp – 310 watts, Isc – 8.84 Amp, Voc – 45.7 volts?
How many modules are required for the solar-powered pump with module specifications of Wp – 310 watts, Isc – 8.84 Amp, Voc – 45.7 volts?
Which material has the highest theoretical efficiency among the options given for solar cell materials?
Which material has the highest theoretical efficiency among the options given for solar cell materials?
If a solar array needs to deliver power to a pump using an 800-volt inverter, how many modules per string are required for the array?
If a solar array needs to deliver power to a pump using an 800-volt inverter, how many modules per string are required for the array?
Which of the following statements about the influence of radiation intensity on a solar cell is true?
Which of the following statements about the influence of radiation intensity on a solar cell is true?
What is the typical rating of solar radiation on a sunny day?
What is the typical rating of solar radiation on a sunny day?
What is a solar battery rated in terms of?
What is a solar battery rated in terms of?
Which of these devices generates electricity from sunlight?
Which of these devices generates electricity from sunlight?
What is the ampere-hour capacity of the battery needed for a 12V, 73.6 Wh solar panel system?
What is the ampere-hour capacity of the battery needed for a 12V, 73.6 Wh solar panel system?
Which component of a solar electric system converts sunlight to electricity?
Which component of a solar electric system converts sunlight to electricity?
Which factor affects solar radiation?
Which factor affects solar radiation?
What is the main advantage of using a solar cell module at low radiation intensity levels?
What is the main advantage of using a solar cell module at low radiation intensity levels?
What is the approximate weight of a solar cell module with 36 solar cells?
What is the approximate weight of a solar cell module with 36 solar cells?
What is the purpose of a charge regulator in a photovoltaic system?
What is the purpose of a charge regulator in a photovoltaic system?
What type of solar module material has the best efficiency in utilizing sunlight?
What type of solar module material has the best efficiency in utilizing sunlight?
If a solar-operated pump requires 74 volts, and each panel has a rating of 12 volts, how many panels are needed in series connection?
If a solar-operated pump requires 74 volts, and each panel has a rating of 12 volts, how many panels are needed in series connection?
What is the significance of the glass cover in a solar module?
What is the significance of the glass cover in a solar module?
What is one of the key steps mentioned to estimate the total load for a PV system?
What is one of the key steps mentioned to estimate the total load for a PV system?
Why is it important to select the appropriate array tilt for a PV system?
Why is it important to select the appropriate array tilt for a PV system?
In estimating the array size in peak ampere, what formula is used in the provided text?
In estimating the array size in peak ampere, what formula is used in the provided text?
Why is it necessary to compute the battery storage requirement for a PV system?
Why is it necessary to compute the battery storage requirement for a PV system?
Which step involves selecting two adjacent months with the highest load-to-insolation ratio?
Which step involves selecting two adjacent months with the highest load-to-insolation ratio?
What is assumed when computing the total load and normalizing the load profile for a PV system?
What is assumed when computing the total load and normalizing the load profile for a PV system?
Flashcards
Solar Cell Function
Solar Cell Function
Conversion of sunlight into electrical energy via charge separation in an electric field.
Solar Cell Efficiency
Solar Cell Efficiency
Electric power output divided by total incident radiation intensity.
Temperature's Effect
Temperature's Effect
Decreases open circuit voltage, with minimal impact on short-circuit current. Overall power output decreases.
Radiation Intensity
Radiation Intensity
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PV System Applications
PV System Applications
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Solar Panel System Components
Solar Panel System Components
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Solar Modules
Solar Modules
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Most Efficient Material?
Most Efficient Material?
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PV System Design Steps
PV System Design Steps
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Charge Separation
Charge Separation
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Solar Material
Solar Material
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Study Notes
Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems
- Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy through the separation of charge carriers (holes and electrons) in the presence of an electric field.
- The efficiency of a solar cell is determined by dividing the electric power output by the total incident radiation intensity.
- Theoretical and experimental efficiencies of various solar cell materials are:
- Si (mono crystalline): 22% (theoretical), 16% (experimental)
- Cu2CdS: 18% (theoretical), 7% (experimental)
- GaAs: 26% (theoretical), 21% (experimental)
- CdTe: 25% (theoretical), 6% (experimental)
Influence of Operating Temperature and Radiation Intensity
- Increasing temperature decreases the open circuit voltage, but has little effect on the short-circuit current.
- Power output decreases as temperature increases.
- Power output increases with radiation intensity.
Applications of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
- Lighting for farm houses, farm-to-market roads, and farm buildings
- Crop irrigation (non-pressurized and pressurized systems)
- Poultry incubators and hatchers
Solar Panel Systems and Modules
- A solar panel system consists of a solar module, battery, charge regulator, lamp, radios, and cables.
- Solar modules are arrays of solar cells interconnected and encapsulated behind a glass cover.
- The stronger the light on the cells and the larger the cell surface, the more electricity is generated.
- Characteristics of a solar cell module:
- Panel dimension: 560mm x 480mm x 13mm
- Weight: 4 kg
- Short circuit current: 1150 mA
- Open circuit voltage: 20.8 V
- Output current and power: 1010 mA and 15.9 W, respectively
Solar Module Materials
- Mono Crystalline Silicon: has the best efficiency (14%), but is more expensive than multi-crystalline silicon.
Designing a Solar Photovoltaic System
- Steps to design a solar photovoltaic system:
- Estimate the average daytime and night time current requirements.
- Compute the total load and normalize the load profile.
- Select the appropriate array tilt based on the location of the proposed PV site.
- Determine the insolation for the location and tilt angle.
- Compute the load-to-insolation ratio for each month.
- Estimate the array size in peak ampere for the two worst conditions.
- Compute the battery storage requirement.
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