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Questions and Answers
Which factor can interfere with self-monitoring during dieting?
Which factor can interfere with self-monitoring during dieting?
What is decision fatigue?
What is decision fatigue?
What is self-defeating behavior primarily characterized by?
What is self-defeating behavior primarily characterized by?
Which of the following could be a reason for self-destructive behavior?
Which of the following could be a reason for self-destructive behavior?
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What does the capacity to delay gratification involve?
What does the capacity to delay gratification involve?
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Individuals who commit suicide often focus on which aspect according to the content provided?
Individuals who commit suicide often focus on which aspect according to the content provided?
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Which is a key ingredient in self-regulation?
Which is a key ingredient in self-regulation?
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What effect does alcohol intoxication have on self-regulation?
What effect does alcohol intoxication have on self-regulation?
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What is the representativeness heuristic primarily focused on?
What is the representativeness heuristic primarily focused on?
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How might the availability heuristic lead to misconceptions about the frequency of certain events?
How might the availability heuristic lead to misconceptions about the frequency of certain events?
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In the example of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, which factor is primarily at play regarding their emotional responses?
In the example of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, which factor is primarily at play regarding their emotional responses?
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What common fallacy is associated with the representativeness heuristic?
What common fallacy is associated with the representativeness heuristic?
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Why might someone believe that Sipho is more likely to be a university professor than a truck driver?
Why might someone believe that Sipho is more likely to be a university professor than a truck driver?
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Which heuristic could explain why people sometimes overestimate the prevalence of paranormal events like ESP?
Which heuristic could explain why people sometimes overestimate the prevalence of paranormal events like ESP?
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What could make a person less likely to accurately judge an event's probability according to the representativeness heuristic?
What could make a person less likely to accurately judge an event's probability according to the representativeness heuristic?
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When judging the emotion of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, what does the simulation heuristic suggest about Mr. Tees?
When judging the emotion of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, what does the simulation heuristic suggest about Mr. Tees?
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What is the role of the bell in classical conditioning?
What is the role of the bell in classical conditioning?
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Which type of conditioning focuses on rewards and punishments?
Which type of conditioning focuses on rewards and punishments?
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What effect does social learning have on behavior imitation?
What effect does social learning have on behavior imitation?
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What concept did Albert Bandura develop through his studies with children?
What concept did Albert Bandura develop through his studies with children?
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What does the term 'attitude polarization' refer to?
What does the term 'attitude polarization' refer to?
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In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?
In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?
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What type of learning involves imitating behaviors observed in others?
What type of learning involves imitating behaviors observed in others?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of operant conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of operant conditioning?
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What psychological challenge might arise from inconsistent belief systems?
What psychological challenge might arise from inconsistent belief systems?
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What is an emotional consequence of certain religious practices?
What is an emotional consequence of certain religious practices?
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Which of the following is considered an irrational belief?
Which of the following is considered an irrational belief?
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What negative outcomes are associated with holding irrational beliefs?
What negative outcomes are associated with holding irrational beliefs?
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What type of social influence involves conforming to be accepted by a group?
What type of social influence involves conforming to be accepted by a group?
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In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, what did participants prioritize?
In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, what did participants prioritize?
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What is a consequence of believing one is lucky?
What is a consequence of believing one is lucky?
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How do individuals typically respond to the needs of their social groups?
How do individuals typically respond to the needs of their social groups?
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What is sociometer theory primarily concerned with?
What is sociometer theory primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following best describes self-presentation?
Which of the following best describes self-presentation?
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Which concept emphasizes that people give more weight to possible losses than gains during decision-making?
Which concept emphasizes that people give more weight to possible losses than gains during decision-making?
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What does the certainty effect refer to in decision making?
What does the certainty effect refer to in decision making?
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What is meant by the term 'status quo bias'?
What is meant by the term 'status quo bias'?
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What does the reactance theory suggest about people's feelings towards lost options?
What does the reactance theory suggest about people's feelings towards lost options?
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What is the main focus of error management theory?
What is the main focus of error management theory?
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Which of the following best describes omission bias?
Which of the following best describes omission bias?
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Study Notes
Sociometer Theory
- Measures how desirable a person is to others.
- Self-Presentation refers to behaviours used to convey an image of oneself to others.
- It influences seemingly unrelated actions like dieting and risky behaviour.
Making Choices
- Involves narrowing down choices followed by careful consideration of the remaining options.
- Risk aversion, temporal discounting, certainty effect and keeping options open are key influences.
- Risk Aversion prioritizes potential losses over potential gains.
- Temporal Discounting favors immediate gratification over future rewards.
- Certainty Effect emphasizes certain outcomes over probabilities.
- Keeping Options Open delays difficult decisions.
- Error Management Theory proposes that genders minimize different types of costly errors.
Why People Don't Choose
- Status Quo Bias favors existing situations over change.
- Omission Bias prioritizes inaction over any action requiring effort.
Reactance Theory
- People experience distress when their freedom is limited and strive to reclaim or reassert it.
- Forbidden things become more desirable, motivating action to regain the lost freedom.
Self-Regulation
- Monitoring behavior, a key aspect, involves observing and evaluating one's actions.
- Failures in monitoring can lead to behavioral excesses, like food binges.
- Emotional distress, distractions, and alcohol intoxication can hinder monitoring.
Capacity For Change
- Willpower, a critical element in self-regulation, enables intentional change.
- Decision Fatigue, a state of depleted willpower caused by continuous decision-making, can affect subsequent choices.
- Habits are ingrained behaviours that become almost automatic, often requiring self-control to break.
Irrationality and Self-Destruction
- Self-defeating behaviour leads to self-inflicted failure, suffering, or misfortune.
- This can be driven by trading negative outcomes for positive ones from the same behavior, or using ineffective strategies due to faulty knowledge.
- Capacity to delay gratification involves sacrificing immediate rewards for future benefits.
- Suicide is the ultimate self-destructive act, involving a trade-off between continued suffering and immediate cessation of pain.
- It is more prevalent in developed nations and during favorable seasons.
- Suicidal individuals often exhibit high self-awareness and emotional numbness.
- They prioritize immediate relief over future possibilities and view themselves as burdens.
Cognitive Biases
- Representativeness Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of an event based on its resemblance to a typical case.
- Availability Heuristic: Assessing the frequency of an event based on how easily relevant instances come to mind.
- Simulation Heuristic: Estimating an event's likelihood based on how easily it can be mentally simulated.
Learning
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association where a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) and elicits a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
- Operant Conditioning (also called Instrumental Conditioning): Learning through reinforcement, where behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they are rewarded and less likely if they are punished.
- Social Learning (also called Observational Learning, Imitation, Vicarious Learning) : Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others, particularly if they are rewarded for their actions.
Religion
- Maintaining religious faith can present cognitive and emotional challenges.
- Cognitive inconsistencies and existential questions can be challenging
- Fear and guilt can be associated with religious doctrines and practices.
Irrational Beliefs
- People often hold unfounded beliefs without rational basis, such as those about paranormal phenomena.
- Other beliefs are logically flawed, like believing one can influence the outcome of a sports match from afar.
- Irrational beliefs can negatively impact mental well-being, leading to anxiety, depression, and decreased self-esteem.
Social Influence
- Normative Influence: Conforming to group norms for acceptance and belonging.
- The pressure to conform is driven by a fundamental need to be part of a group, leading to shared values and behaviors for collective good.
- Conformity Experiment: Asch's study demonstrating that individuals conform to group opinion even when the group is demonstrably wrong.
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Description
This quiz explores Sociometer Theory and various factors influencing decision-making processes. It includes concepts such as self-presentation, risk aversion, temporal discounting, and biases in choice. Test your understanding of why people make certain decisions and the psychological theories behind them.
