Sociometer Theory and Decision Making
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Sociometer Theory and Decision Making

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Questions and Answers

Which factor can interfere with self-monitoring during dieting?

  • Public accountability
  • Regular exercise
  • Emotional distress (correct)
  • Positive reinforcement
  • What is decision fatigue?

  • A state of heightened awareness when selecting options
  • Logical reasoning that aids in decision-making
  • An increased ability to make choices efficiently
  • Depleted willpower resulting from making too many decisions (correct)
  • What is self-defeating behavior primarily characterized by?

  • Avoiding risks to ensure success
  • Achieving goals through systematic planning
  • Gaining immediate pleasure from future consequences
  • Bringing failure or suffering upon oneself (correct)
  • Which of the following could be a reason for self-destructive behavior?

    <p>Accepting negative outcomes for perceived positive gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the capacity to delay gratification involve?

    <p>Making sacrifices now for greater rewards later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who commit suicide often focus on which aspect according to the content provided?

    <p>Their role as a burden to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key ingredient in self-regulation?

    <p>Monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does alcohol intoxication have on self-regulation?

    <p>It interferes with monitoring and decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representativeness heuristic primarily focused on?

    <p>Evaluating the likelihood based on how well something resembles a typical case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the availability heuristic lead to misconceptions about the frequency of certain events?

    <p>By causing overestimation of less common but dramatic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, which factor is primarily at play regarding their emotional responses?

    <p>The simulation heuristic based on mental scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common fallacy is associated with the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Base rate fallacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might someone believe that Sipho is more likely to be a university professor than a truck driver?

    <p>Sipho's hobbies and interests align with typical professor traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heuristic could explain why people sometimes overestimate the prevalence of paranormal events like ESP?

    <p>Availability heuristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could make a person less likely to accurately judge an event's probability according to the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Emphasizing individual characteristics over group data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When judging the emotion of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, what does the simulation heuristic suggest about Mr. Tees?

    <p>His situation appears more relatable and thus causes greater frustration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bell in classical conditioning?

    <p>It is a neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of conditioning focuses on rewards and punishments?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does social learning have on behavior imitation?

    <p>Behaviors are only imitated if seen being rewarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Albert Bandura develop through his studies with children?

    <p>Vicarious learning of aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'attitude polarization' refer to?

    <p>The extremity of attitudes becoming more pronounced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?

    <p>A learned response that occurs after conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves imitating behaviors observed in others?

    <p>Social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of operant conditioning?

    <p>Association between two stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological challenge might arise from inconsistent belief systems?

    <p>Difficulty resolving existential questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emotional consequence of certain religious practices?

    <p>Feelings of fear and guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an irrational belief?

    <p>Believing you can influence a sports match by watching it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative outcomes are associated with holding irrational beliefs?

    <p>Increased risk of depression over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social influence involves conforming to be accepted by a group?

    <p>Normative influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, what did participants prioritize?

    <p>Acceptance by the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of believing one is lucky?

    <p>Increased gambling tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals typically respond to the needs of their social groups?

    <p>By conforming to common beliefs and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sociometer theory primarily concerned with?

    <p>Measuring how desirable one is to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes self-presentation?

    <p>Behaviors aimed at conveying an image of self to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept emphasizes that people give more weight to possible losses than gains during decision-making?

    <p>Risk aversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the certainty effect refer to in decision making?

    <p>Greater motivation for certain outcomes over probabilistic ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'status quo bias'?

    <p>The inclination to keep things unchanged despite new options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reactance theory suggest about people's feelings towards lost options?

    <p>They have a heightened desire for forbidden options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of error management theory?

    <p>To minimize each individual's worst errors in decision making based on gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes omission bias?

    <p>The preference to avoid taking action that could lead to loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sociometer Theory

    • Measures how desirable a person is to others.
    • Self-Presentation refers to behaviours used to convey an image of oneself to others.
    • It influences seemingly unrelated actions like dieting and risky behaviour.

    Making Choices

    • Involves narrowing down choices followed by careful consideration of the remaining options.
    • Risk aversion, temporal discounting, certainty effect and keeping options open are key influences.
    • Risk Aversion prioritizes potential losses over potential gains.
    • Temporal Discounting favors immediate gratification over future rewards.
    • Certainty Effect emphasizes certain outcomes over probabilities.
    • Keeping Options Open delays difficult decisions.
    • Error Management Theory proposes that genders minimize different types of costly errors.

    Why People Don't Choose

    • Status Quo Bias favors existing situations over change.
    • Omission Bias prioritizes inaction over any action requiring effort.

    Reactance Theory

    • People experience distress when their freedom is limited and strive to reclaim or reassert it.
    • Forbidden things become more desirable, motivating action to regain the lost freedom.

    Self-Regulation

    • Monitoring behavior, a key aspect, involves observing and evaluating one's actions.
    • Failures in monitoring can lead to behavioral excesses, like food binges.
    • Emotional distress, distractions, and alcohol intoxication can hinder monitoring.

    Capacity For Change

    • Willpower, a critical element in self-regulation, enables intentional change.
    • Decision Fatigue, a state of depleted willpower caused by continuous decision-making, can affect subsequent choices.
    • Habits are ingrained behaviours that become almost automatic, often requiring self-control to break.

    Irrationality and Self-Destruction

    • Self-defeating behaviour leads to self-inflicted failure, suffering, or misfortune.
    • This can be driven by trading negative outcomes for positive ones from the same behavior, or using ineffective strategies due to faulty knowledge.
    • Capacity to delay gratification involves sacrificing immediate rewards for future benefits.
    • Suicide is the ultimate self-destructive act, involving a trade-off between continued suffering and immediate cessation of pain.
    • It is more prevalent in developed nations and during favorable seasons.
    • Suicidal individuals often exhibit high self-awareness and emotional numbness.
    • They prioritize immediate relief over future possibilities and view themselves as burdens.

    Cognitive Biases

    • Representativeness Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of an event based on its resemblance to a typical case.
    • Availability Heuristic: Assessing the frequency of an event based on how easily relevant instances come to mind.
    • Simulation Heuristic: Estimating an event's likelihood based on how easily it can be mentally simulated.

    Learning

    • Classical Conditioning: Learning through association where a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) and elicits a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
    • Operant Conditioning (also called Instrumental Conditioning): Learning through reinforcement, where behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they are rewarded and less likely if they are punished.
    • Social Learning (also called Observational Learning, Imitation, Vicarious Learning) : Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others, particularly if they are rewarded for their actions.

    Religion

    • Maintaining religious faith can present cognitive and emotional challenges.
    • Cognitive inconsistencies and existential questions can be challenging
    • Fear and guilt can be associated with religious doctrines and practices.

    Irrational Beliefs

    • People often hold unfounded beliefs without rational basis, such as those about paranormal phenomena.
    • Other beliefs are logically flawed, like believing one can influence the outcome of a sports match from afar.
    • Irrational beliefs can negatively impact mental well-being, leading to anxiety, depression, and decreased self-esteem.

    Social Influence

    • Normative Influence: Conforming to group norms for acceptance and belonging.
    • The pressure to conform is driven by a fundamental need to be part of a group, leading to shared values and behaviors for collective good.
    • Conformity Experiment: Asch's study demonstrating that individuals conform to group opinion even when the group is demonstrably wrong.

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    Description

    This quiz explores Sociometer Theory and various factors influencing decision-making processes. It includes concepts such as self-presentation, risk aversion, temporal discounting, and biases in choice. Test your understanding of why people make certain decisions and the psychological theories behind them.

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