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Which factor can interfere with self-monitoring during dieting?
What is decision fatigue?
What is self-defeating behavior primarily characterized by?
Which of the following could be a reason for self-destructive behavior?
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What does the capacity to delay gratification involve?
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Individuals who commit suicide often focus on which aspect according to the content provided?
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Which is a key ingredient in self-regulation?
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What effect does alcohol intoxication have on self-regulation?
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What is the representativeness heuristic primarily focused on?
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How might the availability heuristic lead to misconceptions about the frequency of certain events?
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In the example of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, which factor is primarily at play regarding their emotional responses?
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What common fallacy is associated with the representativeness heuristic?
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Why might someone believe that Sipho is more likely to be a university professor than a truck driver?
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Which heuristic could explain why people sometimes overestimate the prevalence of paranormal events like ESP?
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What could make a person less likely to accurately judge an event's probability according to the representativeness heuristic?
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When judging the emotion of Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees, what does the simulation heuristic suggest about Mr. Tees?
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What is the role of the bell in classical conditioning?
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Which type of conditioning focuses on rewards and punishments?
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What effect does social learning have on behavior imitation?
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What concept did Albert Bandura develop through his studies with children?
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What does the term 'attitude polarization' refer to?
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In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?
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What type of learning involves imitating behaviors observed in others?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of operant conditioning?
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What psychological challenge might arise from inconsistent belief systems?
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What is an emotional consequence of certain religious practices?
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Which of the following is considered an irrational belief?
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What negative outcomes are associated with holding irrational beliefs?
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What type of social influence involves conforming to be accepted by a group?
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In Solomon Asch's conformity experiments, what did participants prioritize?
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What is a consequence of believing one is lucky?
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How do individuals typically respond to the needs of their social groups?
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What is sociometer theory primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following best describes self-presentation?
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Which concept emphasizes that people give more weight to possible losses than gains during decision-making?
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What does the certainty effect refer to in decision making?
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What is meant by the term 'status quo bias'?
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What does the reactance theory suggest about people's feelings towards lost options?
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What is the main focus of error management theory?
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Which of the following best describes omission bias?
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Study Notes
Sociometer Theory
- Measures how desirable a person is to others.
- Self-Presentation refers to behaviours used to convey an image of oneself to others.
- It influences seemingly unrelated actions like dieting and risky behaviour.
Making Choices
- Involves narrowing down choices followed by careful consideration of the remaining options.
- Risk aversion, temporal discounting, certainty effect and keeping options open are key influences.
- Risk Aversion prioritizes potential losses over potential gains.
- Temporal Discounting favors immediate gratification over future rewards.
- Certainty Effect emphasizes certain outcomes over probabilities.
- Keeping Options Open delays difficult decisions.
- Error Management Theory proposes that genders minimize different types of costly errors.
Why People Don't Choose
- Status Quo Bias favors existing situations over change.
- Omission Bias prioritizes inaction over any action requiring effort.
Reactance Theory
- People experience distress when their freedom is limited and strive to reclaim or reassert it.
- Forbidden things become more desirable, motivating action to regain the lost freedom.
Self-Regulation
- Monitoring behavior, a key aspect, involves observing and evaluating one's actions.
- Failures in monitoring can lead to behavioral excesses, like food binges.
- Emotional distress, distractions, and alcohol intoxication can hinder monitoring.
Capacity For Change
- Willpower, a critical element in self-regulation, enables intentional change.
- Decision Fatigue, a state of depleted willpower caused by continuous decision-making, can affect subsequent choices.
- Habits are ingrained behaviours that become almost automatic, often requiring self-control to break.
Irrationality and Self-Destruction
- Self-defeating behaviour leads to self-inflicted failure, suffering, or misfortune.
- This can be driven by trading negative outcomes for positive ones from the same behavior, or using ineffective strategies due to faulty knowledge.
- Capacity to delay gratification involves sacrificing immediate rewards for future benefits.
- Suicide is the ultimate self-destructive act, involving a trade-off between continued suffering and immediate cessation of pain.
- It is more prevalent in developed nations and during favorable seasons.
- Suicidal individuals often exhibit high self-awareness and emotional numbness.
- They prioritize immediate relief over future possibilities and view themselves as burdens.
Cognitive Biases
- Representativeness Heuristic: Judging the likelihood of an event based on its resemblance to a typical case.
- Availability Heuristic: Assessing the frequency of an event based on how easily relevant instances come to mind.
- Simulation Heuristic: Estimating an event's likelihood based on how easily it can be mentally simulated.
Learning
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association where a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) and elicits a conditioned response (e.g., salivation).
- Operant Conditioning (also called Instrumental Conditioning): Learning through reinforcement, where behaviours are more likely to be repeated if they are rewarded and less likely if they are punished.
- Social Learning (also called Observational Learning, Imitation, Vicarious Learning) : Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others, particularly if they are rewarded for their actions.
Religion
- Maintaining religious faith can present cognitive and emotional challenges.
- Cognitive inconsistencies and existential questions can be challenging
- Fear and guilt can be associated with religious doctrines and practices.
Irrational Beliefs
- People often hold unfounded beliefs without rational basis, such as those about paranormal phenomena.
- Other beliefs are logically flawed, like believing one can influence the outcome of a sports match from afar.
- Irrational beliefs can negatively impact mental well-being, leading to anxiety, depression, and decreased self-esteem.
Social Influence
- Normative Influence: Conforming to group norms for acceptance and belonging.
- The pressure to conform is driven by a fundamental need to be part of a group, leading to shared values and behaviors for collective good.
- Conformity Experiment: Asch's study demonstrating that individuals conform to group opinion even when the group is demonstrably wrong.
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Description
This quiz explores Sociometer Theory and various factors influencing decision-making processes. It includes concepts such as self-presentation, risk aversion, temporal discounting, and biases in choice. Test your understanding of why people make certain decisions and the psychological theories behind them.
