Questions and Answers
What does the Rosenberg measure?
overall self-esteem
How do scores on the Rosenberg differ across cultures and why?
lower scores in interdependent cultures than independent cultures. This could be explained by independent cultures' likelihood to engage in polar thinking, while interdependent cultures accept contradictions as parts of the self.
What is the cultural trade-off hypothesis?
The two components of self-esteem are self-liking and self-competence. Liking is higher in independent cultures, while competence is higher in interdependent cultures.
People with low self-esteem are more likely to give themselves lower ratings on traits that are seen as positive.
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What percentage of self-esteem is due to genetics?
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What does behavior genetics study?
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What is sociometer theory (Leary)?
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What is self-determination theory?
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What does terror management theory propose?
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What is Dominance Theory?
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What is trait self-esteem?
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What is state self-esteem?
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Why is there a fundamental assumption of sociometer theory regarding the need to belong?
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Match the following properties of the self-esteem system with their descriptions:
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Who will be included or excluded in social contexts?
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Do people need to be liked by everyone to have high self-esteem?
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What is always sensitive to rejection - state or trait?
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What was Blackhart (2009) surprising finding?
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Study Notes
Self-Esteem Measurement
- Rosenberg measures overall self-esteem.
Cultural Differences in Self-Esteem
- Scores on the Rosenberg differ across cultures, with interdependent cultures showing lower self-esteem than independent cultures.
- Independent cultures engage in polar thinking, interpreting self-concepts in oppositional terms, while interdependent cultures accept contradictions.
Cultural Trade-Off Hypothesis
- Self-esteem comprises two components: self-liking and self-competence.
- Liking is typically higher in independent cultures, while competence is greater in interdependent cultures.
Self-Esteem and Self-Descriptions
- Individuals with low self-esteem are inclined to rate themselves lower on positive traits.
Genetic Influence on Self-Esteem
- Approximately 30-50% of self-esteem is attributable to genetic factors.
Behavior Genetics
- Studies the interplay between genetics and the environment in shaping individual differences.
- Comparison is often made between monozygotic (MZ) twins and dizygotic (DZ) twins.
Sociometer Theory
- Proposed by Leary, this theory posits that self-esteem serves as a gauge of social interaction, informing individuals of their social acceptance.
Self-Determination Theory
- Developed by Deci and Ryan, this theory identifies three inherent needs in humans: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
Terror Management Theory
- Suggests that a belief in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem help individuals cope with the fear of death.
Dominance Theory
- Also known as social power theory, it examines unequal power dynamics between genders and their impact on language and self-esteem. A dominant individual tends to have higher self-esteem.
Trait vs. State Self-Esteem
- Trait self-esteem refers to an individual’s consistent level of self-regard over time, while state self-esteem signifies self-evaluation influenced by specific situations.
Need to Belong
- The fundamental assumption of sociometer theory highlights that humans are evolutionarily designed to form close, caring relationships for survival.
Properties of Self-Esteem System
- Sensitive to cues indicating risks of social exclusion.
- More responsive to relational devaluation indicating potential rejection.
- Operates largely at an unconscious level.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- Unlikable individuals (e.g., unfriendly, argumentative) tend to be excluded from groups.
- Groups often exclude incompetent members and those who do not conform to group norms, while physically attractive individuals are more likely to be included.
Social Approval Requirements for High Self-Esteem
- Individuals do not require universal likability to maintain high self-esteem; a reasonable amount of social approval is sufficient.
Sensitivity to Rejection
- State self-esteem is more sensitive to feelings of rejection. In studies, even those seeking approval experience drops in acute self-esteem post-rejection.
Blackhart (2009) Study Finding
- Contrary to expectations, individuals do not consistently perceive drops in acute self-esteem following social rejection.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of the Sociometer Theory through flashcards. This quiz focuses on the Rosenberg self-esteem measure and its cultural implications. Test your understanding of self-esteem variations across different cultures.
