Sociology Theoretical Approaches
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Questions and Answers

The Davis Moore Thesis suggests that positions with greater functional importance are rewarded less than less important positions.

False (B)

Karl Marx believed that society is primarily divided into three classes: the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, and the petit bourgeoisie.

False (B)

Max Weber's approach emphasizes only economic factors in understanding social stratification.

False (B)

Conspicuous consumption refers to buying products solely for their utility and practical use.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relative poverty refers to a fixed standard of poverty that remains constant across all societies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural transmission in schooling refers to the passing of knowledge from one generation to another.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The latent function of education includes reducing youth unemployment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social inequality in educational settings can be exacerbated by standardized testing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tracking in schools helps ensure that all students learn at the same pace, irrespective of their abilities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grade inflation does not affect the overall learning experience of students in college.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extended families typically consist of only parents and their children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endogamy refers to marriage between individuals from different social categories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patrilocality involves living near the wife's family after marriage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first gender revolution involved men entering the public sphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In preindustrial societies, children were often seen as liabilities rather than assets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Structural Functional Approach views society as a chaotic system that promotes instability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manifest functions are recognized consequences of social structures while latent functions are unrecognized consequences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Social Conflict Approach suggests that social change arises from harmony and agreement among social groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symbolic Interaction Paradigm focuses on the importance of individual interactions in shaping society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first step in conducting sociological research is to review existing literature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human behavior is primarily driven by learned behavior rather than instinct.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative methods are primarily used in Scientific Sociology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Harlow's Monkeys experiment illustrated the primacy of symbolic interaction in parent-child attachment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genie, the isolated child, learned to speak fluently after being rescued.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Culture comprises both material objects and non-material ways of thinking and acting.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hawthorne Effect refers to the bias introduced when researchers alter their behavior based on the fact that they are being observed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's model of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego, with the id being moral in nature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's Preoperational Stage, children have no difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cognitive development in the Concrete Operational Stage allows children to perform logical thinking about concrete events.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to socialization theories, the development of self is solely based on biological factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ego operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of all desires.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Absolute poverty affects â…“ of individuals in high income countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependency theory suggests that underdeveloped countries should strive to exploit rich nations for their resources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modernization theory focuses on overcoming both technological and cultural barriers to development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Economic imperialism is rooted in colonialism, as described by dependency theory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The core countries, according to Wallerstein's theory, are primarily found in the semi-periphery of the global economy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rich countries are considered part of the solution to global poverty because they provide advanced schooling and foreign aid.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neocolonialism refers to the impact of multinational corporations in developing nations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structural-functional approach is the primary framework of dependency theory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Structural Functional Theory

A sociological perspective that views society as a complex system where different parts work together to maintain stability.

Social Conflict Theory

A sociological perspective emphasizing the role of power struggles and inequality in shaping society.

Symbolic Interactionism

A sociological perspective analyzing how individuals interact and create meaning through symbols and language.

Manifest Function

The intended and recognized consequence of a social pattern.

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Latent Function

The unintended and unrecognized consequence of a social pattern.

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Social Dysfunction

The undesirable consequence of a social pattern.

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Qualitative Research

A research method focusing on the qualities of social interactions, often using interviews or observations to gather data.

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Hawthorne Effect

The tendency of individuals to change their behavior when they know they are being observed.

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Davis-Moore Thesis

Higher rewards for more important jobs, ensuring qualified people fill critical roles and promoting societal productivity.

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Karl Marx's Class Conflict

Society is primarily divided into two classes: the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers), with inherent conflict driving social change

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Social Stratification (Weber)

Social standing is determined by multiple factors (class, status, and power). Not just economic class.

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Conspicuous Consumption

Using goods/services to display one's social status or wealth.

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Cultural Transmission

The process of passing knowledge and values from one generation to the next through education.

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Social Integration

The process of bringing people together through shared experiences and values, often achieved through education.

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Social Placement

The role of education in assigning individuals to different positions in society based on their skills and abilities.

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Tracking in Schools

The practice of grouping students based on their academic abilities, which can be controversial due to potential inequalities.

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Are schools the great equalizer?

A question exploring whether education truly provides equal opportunities for all individuals in society.

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Nature vs. Nurture

A debate about whether human behavior is instinctive (nature) or learned (nurture).

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Harlow's Monkeys Experiment

A study showing that infant monkeys prefer a soft cloth mother over a wire mother providing food, emphasizing the importance of maternal touch and attachment.

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Genie (isolated child)

A case study highlighting the critical role of social interaction in human development; social isolation resulted in significant developmental delays.

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Freud's ID

The primal part of the personality, present from birth, driven by the pleasure principle (seeking immediate gratification).

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Freud's Ego

The part of the personality that mediates between the ID's desires and societal demands, operating on the reality principle.

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Freud's Superego

The moral part of the personality, internalizing societal values, striving for perfection.

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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of cognitive development (0-2 years), where infants learn through senses and motor actions.

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Piaget's Preoperational Stage

(2-7 years) Child thinks egocentrically and doesn't understand conservation (quantity remains same despite changes in shape).

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

When people's expectations about others' behavior lead them to act in ways that confirm those expectations.

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Endogamy

Marriage between people from the same social category, like social class, ethnicity, or religion.

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Exogamy

Marriage between people from different social categories, like ethnicity or religion.

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Patrilocality

A residential pattern where a newly married couple lives near the husband's family.

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Matrilocality

A residential pattern where a newly married couple lives near the wife's family.

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Absolute Poverty

A state where individuals lack basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare, often living on less than $1.90 a day.

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Modernization Theory

A theory that believes developing countries can achieve prosperity by adopting the values, technology, and institutions of developed nations.

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Technology Barrier

The challenge for developing countries to access and adopt advanced technology from developed countries.

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Culture Barrier

The difficulty in transitioning from traditional values to modern ones, which can hinder development.

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Dependency Theory

A theory that argues developing countries remain economically dependent on developed nations due to historical exploitation and unequal power dynamics.

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Debt Dependency

Developing countries heavily reliant on loans from developed nations, leading to long-term economic vulnerability.

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Economic Imperialism

Historical and contemporary exploitation of developing countries for resources and labor, perpetuating their poverty.

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Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory

A theory that sees the global economy as a system of interconnected nations with core (rich), periphery (poor), and semi-periphery (in-between) countries.

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Study Notes

Sociology Theoretical Approaches

  • Structural Functional Approach (Macro):

    • Views society as a complex system where all parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
    • Social structures (institutions, norms, traditions) maintain social order by fulfilling essential functions.
    • Robert K. Merton identified manifest functions (recognized consequences), latent functions (unrecognized consequences), and social dysfunctions (undesirable consequences).

  • Social Conflict Approach (Macro):

    • Focuses on inequality and power dynamics that generate conflict and social change.
    • Social inequality based on factors like race, sex, class, and age creates conflict between dominant and disadvantaged groups.

  • Symbolic Interaction Approach (Micro):

    • Examines social interactions in specific situations.
    • Views society as the product of everyday interactions where individuals construct shared reality as they interact.

Sociological Methods

  • Quantitative Research:

    • Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses (deductive).
    • Data analysis involves math and statistical methods.
    • Relies on large samples of respondents.
    • Utilizes closed-ended questions.

  • Qualitative Research:

    • Focuses on exploring ideas and developing theories or hypotheses (inductive).
    • Data analysis emphasizes summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting information.
    • Often uses fewer respondents.
    • Includes open-ended questions.

Culture

  • Non-Material Culture: Ideas, norms, laws, customs, and beliefs that shape a society.
  • Material Culture: Physical objects, resources, and spaces that define a society.
  • Elements of Culture: Symbols (language), values, and norms (mores, folkways) guide social behavior.

Socialization

  • Socialization: Lifelong social experience where individuals develop human potential and learn culture.
  • Human Development: Considered a mix of nature (instinct) and nurture (learned behavior). Example: gender roles are often learned.
  • Study of Socialization and Social Isolation: Demonstrates the importance of social interaction for personal development.

Personality

  • Freud's Model of Personality:
    • Id: basic drives, seeks immediate gratification.
    • Ego: mediates between the id's desires and societal demands, utilizes the reality principle.
    • Superego: internalized values and norms, strives for perfection.
  • Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: Stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
  • George Herbert Mead's Theory: The self develops through social interaction, including the "I" (spontaneous) and the "me" (socialized self).

Social Interaction

  • Social Groups: Two or more people who identify and interact with each other.
  • Primary Groups: Small, personal relationships and provide emotional needs (like family).
  • Secondary Groups: Larger, impersonal groups that focus on shared goals (like an assignment group).
  • Socialization as Crisis: Concept of life instinct (sexual/emotional bonding) and death instinct (destruction), both influencing socialization.
  • Cooley Theory: The "looking-glass self" - self-image formed by how we perceive others see us.

Social Stratification

  • Caste System: Closed system of social stratification based on ascribed status, typically at birth.
  • Social Class System: Open system where status is achieved through merit and effort.
  • Social Mobility: Movement between social classes.
  • Meritocracy: A system where social position is based on merit.
  • Ideology: Cultural beliefs and values that justify unequal social structures and support stratification. (e.g., wealth = success).

Social Organization

  • Formal Organizations: Three types based on characteristics of membership: utilitarian, normative, and coercive.
  • Group Dynamics: How groups function, including issues of size, diversity, social inequality (like "groupthink" where group members may conform).
  • Networks: Social ties between individuals creating links and influencing behaviors.
  • Formal Organizations: Types of formal organizations, focusing on their structure and purpose (like prisons, schools, or companies).

Deviance and Social Control

  • Deviance: Violation of cultural norms
  • Strain Theory: Deviance results from discrepencies between culturally valued goals and available means to reach them.
  • Social Conflict Theory: The powerful shape social norms to maintain control, and thus deviation from norms is labelled as criminal behavior.
  • Labeling Theory: Explains how the "labels" assigned to people can affect their behavior. Labeling (e.g. "criminal") can influence individual self-identity and social interaction.

Sexuality and Gender

  • Biology differentiates Sex (physical characteristics) from Gender (social, cultural interpretations).
  • Sexuality refers to romantic and emotional attraction.
  • Sexual orientations exist on a continuum, and societies often view heterosexuality as the norm.

Poverty and Global Inequality

  • Relative Poverty: Lack of resources compared to others in a society.
  • Absolute Poverty: Severe lack of essential resources such as food and shelter.

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Description

Explore the fundamental theoretical approaches in sociology, including the Structural Functional, Social Conflict, and Symbolic Interaction frameworks. Understand how these perspectives explain social order, inequality, and social interactions. This quiz will help you grasp key concepts and methods in sociological study.

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