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Questions and Answers
The Davis Moore Thesis suggests that positions with greater functional importance are rewarded less than less important positions.
The Davis Moore Thesis suggests that positions with greater functional importance are rewarded less than less important positions.
False
Karl Marx believed that society is primarily divided into three classes: the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, and the petit bourgeoisie.
Karl Marx believed that society is primarily divided into three classes: the bourgeoisie, the proletariat, and the petit bourgeoisie.
False
Max Weber's approach emphasizes only economic factors in understanding social stratification.
Max Weber's approach emphasizes only economic factors in understanding social stratification.
False
Conspicuous consumption refers to buying products solely for their utility and practical use.
Conspicuous consumption refers to buying products solely for their utility and practical use.
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Relative poverty refers to a fixed standard of poverty that remains constant across all societies.
Relative poverty refers to a fixed standard of poverty that remains constant across all societies.
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Cultural transmission in schooling refers to the passing of knowledge from one generation to another.
Cultural transmission in schooling refers to the passing of knowledge from one generation to another.
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The latent function of education includes reducing youth unemployment.
The latent function of education includes reducing youth unemployment.
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Social inequality in educational settings can be exacerbated by standardized testing.
Social inequality in educational settings can be exacerbated by standardized testing.
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Tracking in schools helps ensure that all students learn at the same pace, irrespective of their abilities.
Tracking in schools helps ensure that all students learn at the same pace, irrespective of their abilities.
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Grade inflation does not affect the overall learning experience of students in college.
Grade inflation does not affect the overall learning experience of students in college.
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Extended families typically consist of only parents and their children.
Extended families typically consist of only parents and their children.
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Endogamy refers to marriage between individuals from different social categories.
Endogamy refers to marriage between individuals from different social categories.
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Patrilocality involves living near the wife's family after marriage.
Patrilocality involves living near the wife's family after marriage.
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The first gender revolution involved men entering the public sphere.
The first gender revolution involved men entering the public sphere.
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In preindustrial societies, children were often seen as liabilities rather than assets.
In preindustrial societies, children were often seen as liabilities rather than assets.
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The Structural Functional Approach views society as a chaotic system that promotes instability.
The Structural Functional Approach views society as a chaotic system that promotes instability.
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Manifest functions are recognized consequences of social structures while latent functions are unrecognized consequences.
Manifest functions are recognized consequences of social structures while latent functions are unrecognized consequences.
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The Social Conflict Approach suggests that social change arises from harmony and agreement among social groups.
The Social Conflict Approach suggests that social change arises from harmony and agreement among social groups.
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Symbolic Interaction Paradigm focuses on the importance of individual interactions in shaping society.
Symbolic Interaction Paradigm focuses on the importance of individual interactions in shaping society.
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The first step in conducting sociological research is to review existing literature.
The first step in conducting sociological research is to review existing literature.
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Human behavior is primarily driven by learned behavior rather than instinct.
Human behavior is primarily driven by learned behavior rather than instinct.
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Qualitative methods are primarily used in Scientific Sociology.
Qualitative methods are primarily used in Scientific Sociology.
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Harlow's Monkeys experiment illustrated the primacy of symbolic interaction in parent-child attachment.
Harlow's Monkeys experiment illustrated the primacy of symbolic interaction in parent-child attachment.
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Genie, the isolated child, learned to speak fluently after being rescued.
Genie, the isolated child, learned to speak fluently after being rescued.
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Culture comprises both material objects and non-material ways of thinking and acting.
Culture comprises both material objects and non-material ways of thinking and acting.
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The Hawthorne Effect refers to the bias introduced when researchers alter their behavior based on the fact that they are being observed.
The Hawthorne Effect refers to the bias introduced when researchers alter their behavior based on the fact that they are being observed.
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Freud's model of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego, with the id being moral in nature.
Freud's model of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego, with the id being moral in nature.
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In Piaget's Preoperational Stage, children have no difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation.
In Piaget's Preoperational Stage, children have no difficulty in understanding the concept of conservation.
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The cognitive development in the Concrete Operational Stage allows children to perform logical thinking about concrete events.
The cognitive development in the Concrete Operational Stage allows children to perform logical thinking about concrete events.
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According to socialization theories, the development of self is solely based on biological factors.
According to socialization theories, the development of self is solely based on biological factors.
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The ego operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of all desires.
The ego operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of all desires.
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Absolute poverty affects ⅓ of individuals in high income countries.
Absolute poverty affects ⅓ of individuals in high income countries.
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Dependency theory suggests that underdeveloped countries should strive to exploit rich nations for their resources.
Dependency theory suggests that underdeveloped countries should strive to exploit rich nations for their resources.
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Modernization theory focuses on overcoming both technological and cultural barriers to development.
Modernization theory focuses on overcoming both technological and cultural barriers to development.
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Economic imperialism is rooted in colonialism, as described by dependency theory.
Economic imperialism is rooted in colonialism, as described by dependency theory.
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The core countries, according to Wallerstein's theory, are primarily found in the semi-periphery of the global economy.
The core countries, according to Wallerstein's theory, are primarily found in the semi-periphery of the global economy.
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Rich countries are considered part of the solution to global poverty because they provide advanced schooling and foreign aid.
Rich countries are considered part of the solution to global poverty because they provide advanced schooling and foreign aid.
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Neocolonialism refers to the impact of multinational corporations in developing nations.
Neocolonialism refers to the impact of multinational corporations in developing nations.
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The structural-functional approach is the primary framework of dependency theory.
The structural-functional approach is the primary framework of dependency theory.
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Study Notes
Sociology Theoretical Approaches
-
Structural Functional Approach (Macro):
- Views society as a complex system where all parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
- Social structures (institutions, norms, traditions) maintain social order by fulfilling essential functions.
- Robert K. Merton identified manifest functions (recognized consequences), latent functions (unrecognized consequences), and social dysfunctions (undesirable consequences).
-
Social Conflict Approach (Macro):
- Focuses on inequality and power dynamics that generate conflict and social change.
- Social inequality based on factors like race, sex, class, and age creates conflict between dominant and disadvantaged groups.
-
Symbolic Interaction Approach (Micro):
- Examines social interactions in specific situations.
- Views society as the product of everyday interactions where individuals construct shared reality as they interact.
Sociological Methods
-
Quantitative Research:
- Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses (deductive).
- Data analysis involves math and statistical methods.
- Relies on large samples of respondents.
- Utilizes closed-ended questions.
-
Qualitative Research:
- Focuses on exploring ideas and developing theories or hypotheses (inductive).
- Data analysis emphasizes summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting information.
- Often uses fewer respondents.
- Includes open-ended questions.
Culture
- Non-Material Culture: Ideas, norms, laws, customs, and beliefs that shape a society.
- Material Culture: Physical objects, resources, and spaces that define a society.
- Elements of Culture: Symbols (language), values, and norms (mores, folkways) guide social behavior.
Socialization
- Socialization: Lifelong social experience where individuals develop human potential and learn culture.
- Human Development: Considered a mix of nature (instinct) and nurture (learned behavior). Example: gender roles are often learned.
- Study of Socialization and Social Isolation: Demonstrates the importance of social interaction for personal development.
Personality
-
Freud's Model of Personality:
- Id: basic drives, seeks immediate gratification.
- Ego: mediates between the id's desires and societal demands, utilizes the reality principle.
- Superego: internalized values and norms, strives for perfection.
- Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: Stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- George Herbert Mead's Theory: The self develops through social interaction, including the "I" (spontaneous) and the "me" (socialized self).
Social Interaction
- Social Groups: Two or more people who identify and interact with each other.
- Primary Groups: Small, personal relationships and provide emotional needs (like family).
- Secondary Groups: Larger, impersonal groups that focus on shared goals (like an assignment group).
- Socialization as Crisis: Concept of life instinct (sexual/emotional bonding) and death instinct (destruction), both influencing socialization.
- Cooley Theory: The "looking-glass self" - self-image formed by how we perceive others see us.
Social Stratification
- Caste System: Closed system of social stratification based on ascribed status, typically at birth.
- Social Class System: Open system where status is achieved through merit and effort.
- Social Mobility: Movement between social classes.
- Meritocracy: A system where social position is based on merit.
- Ideology: Cultural beliefs and values that justify unequal social structures and support stratification. (e.g., wealth = success).
Social Organization
- Formal Organizations: Three types based on characteristics of membership: utilitarian, normative, and coercive.
- Group Dynamics: How groups function, including issues of size, diversity, social inequality (like "groupthink" where group members may conform).
- Networks: Social ties between individuals creating links and influencing behaviors.
- Formal Organizations: Types of formal organizations, focusing on their structure and purpose (like prisons, schools, or companies).
Deviance and Social Control
- Deviance: Violation of cultural norms
- Strain Theory: Deviance results from discrepencies between culturally valued goals and available means to reach them.
- Social Conflict Theory: The powerful shape social norms to maintain control, and thus deviation from norms is labelled as criminal behavior.
- Labeling Theory: Explains how the "labels" assigned to people can affect their behavior. Labeling (e.g. "criminal") can influence individual self-identity and social interaction.
Sexuality and Gender
- Biology differentiates Sex (physical characteristics) from Gender (social, cultural interpretations).
- Sexuality refers to romantic and emotional attraction.
- Sexual orientations exist on a continuum, and societies often view heterosexuality as the norm.
Poverty and Global Inequality
- Relative Poverty: Lack of resources compared to others in a society.
- Absolute Poverty: Severe lack of essential resources such as food and shelter.
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Description
Explore the fundamental theoretical approaches in sociology, including the Structural Functional, Social Conflict, and Symbolic Interaction frameworks. Understand how these perspectives explain social order, inequality, and social interactions. This quiz will help you grasp key concepts and methods in sociological study.
