Sociology Past Paper PDF

L1 Major Sociology Theoretical 1. Structural functional approach (Macro) 2. Social Conflict Approach (Macro) 3. Symbolic interaction Approach (Micro) 1. Structural Functional Approach Macro - society as a complex system work together to promote solidarity & stability -...

L1 Major Sociology Theoretical 1. Structural functional approach (Macro) 2. Social Conflict Approach (Macro) 3. Symbolic interaction Approach (Micro) 1. Structural Functional Approach Macro - society as a complex system work together to promote solidarity & stability - Social structures (like institutions, norms, and traditions) fulfill essential functions to maintain social order Robert K. Merton 1. Manifest Function ( recognise consequences ) 2. Latent Function ( unrecognized & consequences ) 3. Social Dysfunction ( undesirable consequences ) Eg School Function 1. Manifest - Education 2. Latent - connection, relationship 3. Dysfunctional - Bully, mental health problem / depression 2. Social Conflict Paradigm Macro - Inequality and power dynamics generates conflict & social change - benefit rich from the poor - eg : race, sex, class, age ( dominant grp vs disadvantage grp ) 3. Symbolic interaction Paradigm Micro - close-up focus on social interactions in specific situations - views society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals - ! Society is a shared reality that people construct as they interact with one another L2 Method Ways to do sociology 1. Scientific Sociology Quantitative Methods 2. Interpretive Sociology Qualitative Method 3. Critical Sociology Steps: 1. Define Research Question 2. Review Literature ( Hypothesis ) 3. Design Questionnaire / collect data 4. Data Analysis 5. Result - Writing Paper Eg Part-time 1. Does part-time job ( independent variable ) effect college student academic achievement ( dependent variable ) 2. Part-time job exert negative effect on student academic performance ( hypothesis ) Measurement - variable ( dependent / independent ) Quality - Reliability / Validity ( high / low ) Collect Sample - Population / Sampling Correlation / Causation Limitation Hawthorne Effect - Please the interview, put on a performance X value free Eg Academic Achievement 1. What is your GPA? ___ X hypothesis in question Concrete vs Abstract - Height weight / love Research Ethics - Ensure safety of Research Subject L3 Culture - the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life ( culture shock ) 1. Non Material Culture 2. Material - physical things 1. Non Material Culture - the ideas created by members of a society that define a society - intangible, norms, law, custom, laws, customs, ideas and beliefs of a group of people Elements: Symbol / Language - Cultural transmission / Sapir wolf thesis - language serve to shape reality of culture Values & belief - abstract standards of Goodness - Eg: Developed countries / Developing Countries Human rights / physical safety & economic - particular matters that individuals consider true or false - Eg: man knows direction better than woman Norms - Specific rules gilding human behavior i. Mores: Moral Dimension ( cheating in examination, plagiarism ) 对or错 ii. Folkways: Norms for Routine ( being late, fall asleep ) 对or不礼貌 iii. Social Control: positive vs negative sanctions ( study hard high marks, scholarship, honour college / academic warning ) Ideal culture vs Real culture - help students, giving lecture / summer break, winter break Culture Diversity: 1. High culture & popular culture - elite & ordinary people 2. Subculture - cultural patterns set apart smaller grp within a larger group 3. Multiculturalism - multiple cultural groups coexist in a society, each maintaining their own cultural identity while living together, promote equal standing 4. Counterculture - strongly oppose of mainstream culture Cause of cultural change - invention ( apple phone )  - discovery ( coals, law of gravity ) - diffusion ( fast foods ) Ethnocentrism vs cultural relativism - view one’s own culture as superior / to judge other cultures by one’s own cultural standards ( culture loyalty, cultural shock ) 1. Structural functionalist - Cultural universal: traits that are part of every known culture 2. Social conflict analysis - Cultural & inequality - dominant by by economic interests & powerful grp ( government ) - Cultural hegemony - pervasive & excessive influence by one culture ( France white people vs muslim ) 3. Symbolic interaction theory - Culture as a social construction: analysing behaviour in terms of meaning people give it ( interaction = behaviour ) L4 Socialization - lifelong social experience, people develop their human potential and learn culture. Personality - predict reaction of respond to social phenomenal Human Development 1. Biological science: Role of Nature - Human behaviour was instinctive - Eg: man & woman ( emotional / rational ) 2. Social science: Role of Nurture - Behaviourism: behaviour is not instinctive but learned - Eg: Gender ( consciously / unconsciously ) / gifting with gender roles Study of Socialization and social isolation i. Harlow’s Monkeys experiment ( Wire mother / cloth mother ) - primacy of parents child attachment relationship ( symbolic interaction ) - Importance of maternal touch ii. Genie ( isolated child ) - never learned how to speak / use toilet / walk - social contact & social interaction - Human nature is nurture Socialization to develop sense of self 1. Sigmund Freud Socialization as Crisis - Life instinct ( sexual & emotional bonding ) & Death instinct (instinct toward death, destruction ) trauma from young Freud model of personality 1. ID - present from birth, basic drives - important in early stage for infant to survive - driven by pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of - all desires, wants, and needs 2. Ego - conscious efforts to mediate between the id’s desires and the demands of society - operates on the reality principle, satisfy the id’s desires in a realistic and socially appropriate manner 3. Superego - moral component of personality, internalized the values and norms ( conscious ) which are learned from parents and teachers - It strives for perfection and judges our behavior, leading to feelings of pride or guilt 2. Piaget Theory Stages of cognitive development i. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2) - experience through senses ii. Preoperational Stage (2-7) - Egocentric thinking: Difficulty in seeing things from perspectives other than their own - Lack of understanding of conservation (e.g., quantity remains the same despite changes in shape). - cover eyes while playing hide & see thinking no one can see Iii. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) - Development of logical thinking about concrete events. - have the ability to classify objects ii. Formal Operational Age (12-) - think abstractly & difficulty Piaget theory - to match child's capacity with the stages thy are in 3.George Herbert Mead Theory The self ( Self awareness & Self Image) * - The self develops through social experience - Social experience is the exchange of symbols ( language ) I & Me - i - spontaneous & impulsive, represents the individual’s personal responses to the social environment - me - changes action on attitudes n expectations of others Stages of self development i. Imitation - infants mimic behavior without understanding the meaning ii. Play stage - engage in role play of significant others iii. Games - take on multiple roles n understand the perspectives iv. Generalized other - internalize value n norms use as reference in evaluating ourselves 4. Cooley Theory - Glass self ( construct self image ) - our self-image is shaped by how we believe others perceive us - Eg: social media acts as a modern “looking-glass,” where likes, comments, and followers influence how people perceive themselves Total Institution - Resocialization ( breaks down + build new self ) - jail, drug rehab center L5 Elements of Social interaction Statuses - a social position ( static ) teacher 1. Ascribed - given at birth, later involuntary disable ppl / patient / old people 2. Achieved - voluntary, reflect personal ability chinese citizen - american 3. Master - people know u by who u are 特征 president Roles - defined rules & behavior ( dynamic ) do research 1. Set - multiple role 1 status 2. Strain - tensions among 1 statues ( prof - do research / teach student ) 3. Conflict - conflict among few statues ( prof & mother ) 4. Exit - status exit / ( retirement ) Kim Davis - refuse to allow gay marriage - Conflict ( Police & Christian - she decide she want to get known by) Social Construction of reality - ppl shape reality through social interaction - Symbolic interaction: focus on emotions,watching same comp diff ppl diff feeling Street Smart - construct reality in their favor The Thomas Theorem - If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences ( bank bankrupt, ppl withdraw causing financial crisis ) power of perception Ethnomethodology - norm-breaking ( hidden rules ) experiments - act formally with parents / take product from other carts Dramaturgical Analysis - Erving Goffman Performance - front / back stage Gender & performances - demeanor - encompasses how someone presents themselves through their actions, expressions, and overall conduct non verbal communication - Body language and deception idealization - performance to idealize embarrassment and tact - tact is a social skill that helps navigate and mitigate the effects of embarrassment, fostering smoother and more respectful interaction - pour water L6 Social Structure* 1. Social groups: 2 or more ppl identify n interact with each other ( church, clubs ) 2. Crowds: physically at same time same place, x interact meaningful way ( lining up for food movie theater, flight awaiting board ) 3. Categories: individuals with same social status ( woman, lawyer ) Social groups 1. Primary Grps: small social grp share personal lasting relationships - Serve expressive needs - person orientation / strong ties - family, sibling 2. Secondary Grps: large & impersonal social group pursue a specific goal - Serve instrumental needs - goal orientation / weak ties - assignment grp Group leadership 1. Instrumental leadership - Elon Musk 2. Expressive leadership - Pope Leadership style 1. Authoritarian Leadership ( Steve Job ) 2. Democratic Leadership ( ggl head ) 3. Laissez-faire Leadership Group Confrontment - Asch’s Research - social influences in grp - Milgram Shock Experiment - ww2 conflict between obedience to authority Group Think* - tendency if group member to conform / vs Brainstorm Reference grp - how to behavior - anticipatory socialization / evaluate In grp & Out grp - individuals feel belong to, believe is integral part / feel doesn't belong to,  disdain n competition between Group Dynamics 1. Grp Size - Dyad / Triad (2&3) 2. Grp Size & Relationships - stability increases with group size Social Diversity n Groups Relationships - Heterogeneous Groups turn outwards - large groups turn inwards ( 黑人n白人 ) - Physical boundary -> social boundary Networks - Six degree of Separation - Gender differences in Network Formal Organization 1. Utilitarian - join for money ( companies, school ) 2. Normative - promote social issue ( Voluntary, United nations ) 3. Coercive - forced to join ( prison, drug rehab ) Bureaucracy - model rational design to perform task efficiently - Problems: Alienation / Inefficiency & Ritualism / Inertia Mcdonaldization* - presence of the fast-food model in most organizations - principles: efficiency / predictability / uniformity / control - Problem: irrational, dehumanizing L7 Sexuality Sex* - Biological characteristics distinguish male and female 1. Primary - Genitals organ use for production 2. Secondary - Distinguish biologically mature ( breast, Muscle & deeper voice ) Gender - Social, cultural & physiology characteristics Sexual Orientation - Romantic & emotional attraction Sex & the Body 1. Intersexual People: both male or female characteristics 2. Transgender: genetics males or females, psychologically identify as opposite sex ( doesn't really need operation ) 3. Transvestites: comfortable with biological sex, prefer wear opposite sex clothing 4. Non-binary: gender doesn't exclusive to he/ she The social basis of sexuality Cultural differences in sexual attractive - Tiny feet - Heavier ppl considered as attractive North Africa & Middle East - West, you can nvr be too thin or rich Modesty The incest taboo: forbiden sexual relations or marriage between relatives - Purpose Sexual Orientation - Continuum of sexual orientation ( sick alcoholism / drug ) - 后果: doctor psychiatrist, personal competence - other’s feel pity not responsible for action Differential Association Theory - Deviance is learned, x inherited - Learned primarily through interaction in small grps Structural-Functional Symbolic-Interaction Social-Conflict Approach Approach Approach What is the level Macro-level Micro-level Macro-level of analysis? What is Deviance is a basic part of Deviance is part of socially Deviance results from social deviance? What social organization. constructed reality that inequality. part does it play By defining deviance, society emerges in interaction. Norms, including laws, in society? sets its moral boundaries. Deviance comes into being reflect the interests of as individuals label something powerful members of deviant. society. What is Deviance is universal: It exists Deviance is variable: Any act Deviance is political: People important about in all societies. or person may or may not be with little power are at high deviance? labeled deviant. risk of being labeled deviant. L9 Social stratification - Rank diff category of people - Enjoy diff level of access to property, prestige n power 1. The Caste System ( closed system ) - Status is ascribed by birth 1. First: Priest 2. 2nd Class: Rulers, Administrator n Worrier 3. 3rd class: Farmers, traders & artisan 4. 4th Class: Tenant farmer 2. The Social Class System ( open system ) - Meritocracy & social mobility: Status is achieve thru merit & effort - Status consistency: degree of consistency - property, prestige n power Ideology 1. Caste: performing the duties of a person’s social position a moral responsibility 2. Social Class: Meritocracy Theory Justification 1. Functionalism - Davis Moore Thesis: Unequal rewards - greater functional importance, greater reward ( firefighter & cashier ) - degree of skills required determine on importance/ important position are filled with qualified people - promote productivity & efficiency - Importance of a position is can’t warrant a high place in stratification system 2. Social Conflict i. Karl Marx: ○ Focus: Class conflict and economic factors. ○ Key Idea: Society is divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers). The conflict between these classes drives social change. ○ Goal: A classless society achieved through revolution. ii. Max Weber / Marxist Theory: ○ Focus: Multiple factors including class, status, and power ○ Key Idea: Social stratification is more complex than just economic class. It includes status (social honor) and power (political influence) ○ Approach: Emphasized understanding the subjective meanings and motivations behind social actions (Verstehen) 3. Symbolic Interaction  - Conspicuous Consumption - Status symbol: buying & using product to make a statement about social position - The Kuznets Curve: tech^ inequality ^ / economy ^ inequality ( have equal chance) Poverty 1. Relative Poverty: exist in every society, differ for each country 2. Absolute Poverty: ⅓ > , in low income country Modernization Theory* - Technology Barrier: developed country should help under developing, it’s developed country to spread values - Culture Barrier: bring traditional value -> modern values ( belief, attitude, technology, institution) - Diffusion of Modernity: modern ideas from developed country to underdeveloped ones Dependency Theory - Develop country exploit underdeveloped country for labour, natural resources n raw materials, developing country remains economically subservient to rich country - Debt dependency: Loan Money to developing country - Economic Imperialism: history roots to colonialism Wallerstein Capitalist: capitalistic economy interdependency ( mnc - global division of labour ) - Rich nations: core - Low income counties: periphery of global economy - Remaining countries: semi-periphery Modernization Theory Dependency Theory Which theoretical approach is Structural-functional approach Social-conflict approach applied? How did global poverty come The whole world was poor until some Colonialism moved wealth from some about? countries developed industrial countries to others, making some technology, which allowed mass nations poor as it made other nations production and created affluence. rich What are the main causes of Traditional culture & a lack of Neocolonialism-the operation of global poverty today? productive technology. multinational corporations in the global, capitalist economy. Are rich countries part of the Rich countries are part of the solution, Rich countries are part of the problem or part of the solution? contributing new technology, advanced problem, making poor countries schooling, &foreign aid economically dependent and in debt. L10 The Functions of Schooling Manifest Function Socialization  - Cultural Transmission: major portions of society knowledge are passed from 1 to next gen - Academic skills: equip children with academic skills they need as an adult - General Skills ( liberal arts ) vs Job-related skills ( practical arts ) - Learning norms, values and culture Cultural Innovation - Generating new knowledge Social Integration - Follow customs and Social Placement - Middle class and Lower Class Latent Function - Babysit function - Reducing unemployment among youth - Marriage Market - A place to accumulate social capital Dysfunction - Ways to transmit culture create tensions among various groups, who find visibility to curriculum ( Critical race theory / Kindergarten - LGBTQ ) - College Depression - Peer pressure ( fraternity pledge - Sam Martinez / accumulating social capital ) - Student Passivity - numerical ratings (acquisitive vs inquisitive learning) / Rigid expectations / Specialization / Little individual responsibility - College: the quiet classroom - Grade inflation (norm referenced vs criterion referenced assessment) Social Inequality - Social control ( the corresponding principle - rich n poor to college) - Standardized Testing ( class-based inequality ) Social Interaction Tracking - Practice of assigning students to instructional grps on the basis ability ( school based vs coursed based track ) - Pros: learns in their own capacity - Cons: lower income family will be in lower tracks Are schools great equalizer? - olden times yes, but now no Self fulfilling prophecy: blue eyes vs brown eyes // Thomas Theoreom theory - people expect others to behave in certain ways, they often act in ways that encourage that behavior, thus making the expectation come true Importance: education leads to higher earnings More likely to attend: privilege -> & personal merit Family ** - Social structure of Family Structure - Extended Family: 3 generation (include grandparents & relatives) - developing country - Nuclear Family: parents and childrens ( 2 gen ) - developed country Marriage Patterns - Endogamy: marriage between with same social categories - Exogamy: between different social categories (ethnicity & race) - Monogamy: unites two partner - Polygamy: unites a person with 2 or more spouses ( polygyny - 2 or more female / mormon & polyandry - 2 or more male ) Residential Patterns - Patrilocality: near husband family - Matrilocality: near wife’s family - Neolocality: lives apart of both sets of parents Patterns of Descent - trace kingship over generations / following surname - Patrilineal - Matrilineal - Bilateral Functions of Family - Socialization - convert cultivation vs accomplishment of natural grwoth - Regulations of Sexual Activity - Incest Taboo - Material n Emotional Security - Instrumental Role of father (financial) / Expressive role of mothers (emotional) - Social Placement - provide ascribed status to children Social Conflict - Property and inheritance - Patriarchy - Gender Revolution: the first gender revolution - female enter the public sphere / the 2nd gender revolution - man doing chores Symbolic interaction - Intimacy - Social Exchange：Shop around for partners: men bring wealth n power to marketplace / female for beauty Arranged Marriages n Romantic Love Child rearing - Preindustrial Society: for child labour / industrializaiton: asset -> liability