Sociology, Psychology & Anthropology Matching Quiz

Social Science

• Social science is the attempt to study people, their activity, behavior, and customs.
• Humanities study the aspects of human society and culture.
• Anthropology studies the lives and cultures of human beings (living and deceased).
• Psychology studies behavior and mental processes.
• Sociology studies human social life, groups, and societies.
• Positivism is the idea that scientific evidence is the most reliable resource for understanding society.

Class Conflict

• Class conflict refers to struggles between different social classes.

The Mind

• The conscious mind contains memories that can be recalled.
• The unconscious mind contains memories that cannot be recalled, but is a powerful tool in studying the human mind.
• Free association is a technique where patients speak whatever comes to mind during relaxation (hypnosis), to help uncover hidden aspects of the unconscious mind.

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Id is the pleasure principle, seeking satisfaction without considering rules, present at birth.
• Ego is the reality principle, judging right from wrong, emerging in the early years of life.
• Superego is the moral center of the mind, representing societal norms and values.
• Archetypes are universal symbols or patterns present in the collective unconscious of all humans (Carl Jung).
• Individual psychology focuses on individual goals and values that guide people.
• Analytical psychology (Carl Jung) focuses on the personal and collective unconscious minds. Personal unconscious is unique. Collective unconscious is shared by all.

Psychological Schools of Thought

• Psychoanalysis: Looks at internal experiences to explain behavior (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler). Focuses on the id, ego, and superego and on the conscious and unconscious mind.
• Behavioral psychology: Studies behavior (Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner).
• Cognitive psychology: Examines how the brain learns (Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura).
• Humanistic psychology: Focuses on self-understanding and self-actualization through therapy (Maslow).

Anthropological Schools of Thought

• Cultural relativism: Cultures cannot be compared because each has its own set of rules that must be accepted.
• Functional theory: Every belief in a culture meets the needs of individuals.
• Cultural materialism: Material conditions in an environment influence a culture's development.
• Feminist anthropology: Focuses on gender issues.
• Postmodernism: Believes that objective truth cannot be known; everything is culturally constructed.

Research Methods

• Case studies: Observing a group over time, used in all social sciences.
• Experiments: Determine how factors are related, used in sociology.
• Surveys: Gathering information from many people, used in sociology.
• Interviews: Dialogue between interviewer and interviewee, used in all social sciences.
• Unstructured observation: Studying without a hypothesis beforehand, used in sociology and anthropology.
• Structured observation: Planning beforehand what to look for, used in all social sciences.
• Participant observation: Observing participants in a society for a period of time, used in sociology.
• Correlation Study: Looking at relationships between two or more variables to see if they're related.
• Historical analysis: Examining evidence to understand the past. (e.g. assessing credibility of documents)
• Content analysis: Analyzing the presence, meanings, and relationships of words, themes, etc. in text.

Sociological Schools of Thought

• Functionalism: How social structures work together to help society function.
• Conflict theory: Studies how power forms the basis of relationships between groups, and the conflict that it creates in society.
• Symbolic interactionism: Studying individuals' roles in society and how people interact within their environment. The social construction of reality and symbols.
• Feminist theory: Analyzes conflicts created by gender.

Socialization

• Socialization is where people learn the necessary attitudes, behaviors, and values for society.
• Primary socialization: Learning basic skills and behaving in society
• Secondary socialization: Learning how to behave properly in different situations.
• Anticipatory socialization: Thinking ahead and behaving accordingly - in anticipation of future roles and experiences.
• Resocialization: Changing negative behaviors into acceptable ones.
• Agents of socialization: Forces (family, peers, media, education) that teach people about the world and their place in it.
• Manifest function: The intended purpose of a social pattern. (e.g. academics in school)
• Latent function: The unintended (but often significant) outcome of a social pattern. (e.g. punctuality in school)
• Peer groups: Social groups with shared interests.
• Social roles: Expected behaviors in a social situation.
• Situation view: Behavior changes depending on the encounter situation.
• Personality view: Behavior shows consistency in multiple encounters.
• Role identity: Acting in accordance with expectations in a specific role.
• Group-based identity: Identity development from participation in social groups.
• Ascribed roles: Roles assigned at birth.
• Achieved roles: Roles earned through effort.
• Social norms: Unwritten rules of behavior in a certain group or culture.

Social Influence

• Social influence: Effects exerted by individuals (directly or indirectly) on other people's thoughts, feelings.
• Direct influence: Individuals directly affecting others' opinions.
• Indirect influence: Decisions based on anticipated future impact.
• Primary socialization: Learning essential social skills in early childhood.
• Secondary socialization: Learning appropriate social behavior in different contexts.
• Anticipatory socialization: Learning behaviors appropriate for future roles.
• Resocialization: Changing negative behaviors for better ones.
• Feral children: Children raised by animals or without human interaction (isolated children).
• Agents of socialization: The forces that shape one's attitudes, values, behavior and identity throughout life.

Social Institutions

• Social institutions: Shapes society's values, beliefs, and helps maintain order and function efficiently.
• Personal institutions: Institutions that have a particular impact on individuals, like family.
• Impersonal institutions: Institutions that impact large groups like the government or law.
• Total institutions: Institutions that control almost every aspect of its members' lives. (e.g., boarding schools).

Additional Topics

• Social inequality; conditions of social inequality (wealth, occupation, credentials).
• Social inequality - impact of groups on society.
• Sanctions - formal and informal sanctions used to encourage conformity to societal expectations.
• Conformity - positive and negative aspects of conformity.
• Groupthink - pressure to conform in groups.
• Social institutions: Family, religion, education, government, economy.
• Functions of social institutions.
• Marriage across cultures.
• Race and ethnicity.

Culture

• Cultural and ethnic groups.
• Cultural identity. Stage-model or acculturation theory.
• Cultural differences in behavior.

Other

• Obedience to authority.
• Gender roles.

Test your knowledge on the key concepts and figures from sociology, psychology, and anthropology. This quiz covers various schools of thought, their emphases, and the definitions associated with each discipline. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of these social sciences.