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Questions and Answers
What does Durkheim suggest is the primary condition for social life?
What does Durkheim suggest is the primary condition for social life?
- Individual beliefs
- Collective wisdom
- Shared traditions
- Collective conscience (correct)
According to Malinowski, what role does religion play in times of emotional stress?
According to Malinowski, what role does religion play in times of emotional stress?
- It isolates individuals.
- It reinforces social solidarity. (correct)
- It diminishes group unity.
- It promotes social discord.
Which of the following best describes Durkheim's view on totems?
Which of the following best describes Durkheim's view on totems?
- They have no sacred significance in rituals.
- They symbolize the individual over society.
- They are abstract concepts with no societal connection.
- They are concrete objects representing society. (correct)
What does Talcott Parsons identify as the ultimate source of societal values?
What does Talcott Parsons identify as the ultimate source of societal values?
In what kind of situations does Malinowski believe religion is particularly impactful?
In what kind of situations does Malinowski believe religion is particularly impactful?
What does religion provide according to the passage when faced with life's uncertainties?
What does religion provide according to the passage when faced with life's uncertainties?
How does religion contribute to social solidarity according to the provided content?
How does religion contribute to social solidarity according to the provided content?
What aspect of life does Talcott Parsons associate with the need for religion?
What aspect of life does Talcott Parsons associate with the need for religion?
What role does religion play in promoting order and stability according to the functionalist perspective?
What role does religion play in promoting order and stability according to the functionalist perspective?
What is one major critique of functionalism in the context of religion?
What is one major critique of functionalism in the context of religion?
How does Marx view the function of religion in society?
How does Marx view the function of religion in society?
What concept does Marx use to describe the illusion religion creates among the oppressed?
What concept does Marx use to describe the illusion religion creates among the oppressed?
According to Marx, how does religion affect the sensitivity of the oppressed?
According to Marx, how does religion affect the sensitivity of the oppressed?
What potential function do new religions serve according to the content?
What potential function do new religions serve according to the content?
What dual role does Marx attribute to religion in society?
What dual role does Marx attribute to religion in society?
What is a noteworthy counterpoint to the Marxist view of religion?
What is a noteworthy counterpoint to the Marxist view of religion?
What primarily characterizes the Christian population distribution in Central India?
What primarily characterizes the Christian population distribution in Central India?
What significant event coincided with the mass conversion movements to Christianity in India?
What significant event coincided with the mass conversion movements to Christianity in India?
How did the new converts to Christianity perceive the British during the colonial era?
How did the new converts to Christianity perceive the British during the colonial era?
What has led to suspicion among the majority community towards Christians in India?
What has led to suspicion among the majority community towards Christians in India?
Which of the following describes the socio-economic status of most Christians in India?
Which of the following describes the socio-economic status of most Christians in India?
What is a common trait of the Christian population in India regarding their identity?
What is a common trait of the Christian population in India regarding their identity?
What hinders political organization among Christians in India?
What hinders political organization among Christians in India?
What percentage of Christians in India is predominantly rural?
What percentage of Christians in India is predominantly rural?
Which group of religious migrants is considered to have a historical presence in India by the first century A.D.?
Which group of religious migrants is considered to have a historical presence in India by the first century A.D.?
What percentage of Scheduled Castes were recorded as Hindus according to the 1961 census?
What percentage of Scheduled Castes were recorded as Hindus according to the 1961 census?
Which of the following groups is considered indigenous to India?
Which of the following groups is considered indigenous to India?
What is the main reason for the decline of indigenous religious creeds in India?
What is the main reason for the decline of indigenous religious creeds in India?
Which group represents the mass conversion movements primarily involving Scheduled Caste and Tribe members?
Which group represents the mass conversion movements primarily involving Scheduled Caste and Tribe members?
What percentage of tribals were recorded as Christians according to the 1961 census?
What percentage of tribals were recorded as Christians according to the 1961 census?
Which factor is NOT listed as contributing to religious pluralism in India?
Which factor is NOT listed as contributing to religious pluralism in India?
Which wave of Muslim influx into India occurred first historically?
Which wave of Muslim influx into India occurred first historically?
What central value is crucial to the life of Jains?
What central value is crucial to the life of Jains?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the socio-cultural distinction of Jains?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the socio-cultural distinction of Jains?
What percentage of Jains live in urban settlements?
What percentage of Jains live in urban settlements?
How many castes and sub-castes are reported among Digambara Jains?
How many castes and sub-castes are reported among Digambara Jains?
In which states are over 75% of Jains concentrated?
In which states are over 75% of Jains concentrated?
Which Jain sect is known to accommodate a few low caste groups?
Which Jain sect is known to accommodate a few low caste groups?
What aspect of Jainism indicates that it is no longer a proselytizing faith?
What aspect of Jainism indicates that it is no longer a proselytizing faith?
What is a notable feature of the relationships between the two main Jain sects?
What is a notable feature of the relationships between the two main Jain sects?
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Study Notes
Durkheim's View on Religion
- Society is seen as sacred due to individual dependence on it.
- Totem is a representation of society that commands respect and feelings.
- Collective conscience, shared values and moral beliefs, is essential for social life.
- Religion expresses the collective conscience and strengthens social solidarity.
Malinowski's Perspective
- Religion reinforces and promotes social solidarity, especially in times of stress.
- Life-cycle crises like birth, puberty, marriage, and death can cause stress.
- Religion helps groups cope with situations beyond their control or knowledge.
Parsons' Functionalist View
- Religion is the foundation of societal values and moral principles.
- It provides value consensus, which is crucial for order and stability.
- Religion offers answers and comfort in the face of life's uncertainty.
Critique of Functionalism
- It oversimplifies the reality of complex multi-religious societies.
- It overlooks the potential for religion to divide and fuel conflict.
Marx's Perspective on Religion
- Religion is used by the ruling class to deceive and oppress the poor.
- It creates a "false consciousness" that justifies suffering and exploitation.
- It pacifies the oppressed and legitimizes the privileged.
Religion in India
- Hinduism is seen as the native religion, while Islam and Christianity are considered alien.
- Religious pluralism is influenced by cultural diversity, economic development, and social stratification.
- Primal vision or Animism/Naturism is the original religion of indigenous people but is gradually fading.
- Jainism is a distinct religion with its own doctrines and rituals but is fragmented into sects and castes.
- They are known for their non-violent principles and charitable work.
- Christianity in India came through different historical phases: pre-colonial, colonial mass conversions, and Anglo-Indian influence.
- Christians in India are mainly converts from lower castes and tribes, often rural and economically poor.
- They are divided denominationally and ethnically and lack significant political organization.
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