Sociology of Norms and Sanctions

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According to Campbell (1981), women are more likely to be cautioned than prosecuted for two possible reasons:

because they are victims of domestic violence or because they are immigrants

because they are wealthy or because they have high social status

because they are women or because they have factors associated with women (correct)

because they have a history of mental illness or because they are homeless

What percentage of the prison population was male in 2021?

80%

85%

96% (correct)

90%

What percentage of women serving sentences were serving sentences of less than 12 months?

17% (correct)

15%

20%

10%

According to Heidensohn (1985), women are treated more harshly when they commit crimes that involve:

deviations from gender norms Signup and view all the answers

What type of crimes are deemed legitimate for women to commit, according to the text?

Crimes that are in line with their femininity Signup and view all the answers

According to Geppert (2022), female defendants are treated leniently due to:

the responsibilities they are expected to uphold in the family Signup and view all the answers

What is relative deprivation defined as?

An actual or perceived lack of resources required to maintain the quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between relative deprivation and absolute deprivation?

One compares to the norms of the group and the other is about individual circumstances Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of relative poverty?

A household income that is 50% less than the median income Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between folkways and mores?

Folkways relate to convention, while mores relate to moral conduct Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the term 'taboo'?

It comes from the Polynesian word for 'sacred' Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to feelings of injustice, even when absolute conditions have improved?

Relative poverty Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'breaching experiments' in sociology?

To explore the construction of social norms Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of expectations in relative deprivation?

Expectations about the standard of living are based on the norms of the group Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between relative deprivation and political marginalisation?

They are interrelated concepts Signup and view all the answers

According to sociologists, what determines whether an act is deviant or not?

How society reacts to the act Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea behind the social construction of deviance?

That deviance is constructed by society Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of deviance provided by Fulcher and Scott?

Nonconformity to social norms Signup and view all the answers

What type of harms are not treated as criminal by the state?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Indigenous Criminology?

It focuses on state-run justice processes Signup and view all the answers

Why do criminal researchers get money for doing certain research?

To receive remuneration via contractual relations Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a non-state means to address crime?

Neighborhood watch Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of Indigenous Criminology's limited critical analysis?

It is largely devoid of historical context Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of procedural ethics in relation to indigenous methodologies?

It ignores the cultural context of the population being studied Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring community-driven research according to Indigenous Research Ethics Protocols in Canada?

Collective consent and ownership Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Indigenous Research Methods such as Storytelling and Oral history interviews?

To resist colonial narratives and promote Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Being Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'data sovereignty' in the context of indigenous research?

Data access is highly restricted to the general public Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to Indigenize research-ethics processes according to Jennifer Grenz?

Giving up control and subtracting dominant approaches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Indigenous Research Ethics Protocols in Canada?

To ensure community-driven research and prevent research extraction Signup and view all the answers