Sociology Chapter on Enculturisation and Socialisation

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Questions and Answers

Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties, and obligations an individual has while occupying a ______.

status

Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands from his two or more ______.

statuses

Gender differences are a function of cultural patterns which prescribe different expectations and norms of behavior for ______ and girls.

boys

A status that is assigned to an individual from birth is known as ______ status.

ascribed Signup and view all the answers

Role Set refers to the individual's repertoire of performances towards a variety of others while he/she occupies a given ______.

status Signup and view all the answers

Role as Performance refers to how the individual actually ______ while occupying the status.

behaves Signup and view all the answers

Society employs various forms of social control depending on the ______.

context Signup and view all the answers

In primitive societies, beliefs and ______ are sufficient for social control.

superstition Signup and view all the answers

In a relationship, the man may experience ______ if he feels torn between his feelings for the woman and the expectations of his family.

role conflict Signup and view all the answers

Formal sanctions can include rewards such as promotions or ______ for exceptional performance in a job.

salary increases Signup and view all the answers

The process through which society conveys expectations about gender behaviors is known as ______.

gender socialization Signup and view all the answers

A person's ______ is influenced by their family background, social class, and life experiences.

status Signup and view all the answers

The expected behavior associated with a particular status is referred to as a ______.

role Signup and view all the answers

Negative psychological sanctions can manifest in forms such as ______ and social rejection.

insults Signup and view all the answers

Honoring cultural standards and expectations within a society is crucial for maintaining social ______.

order Signup and view all the answers

Mores can be described as folkways that are integrated with ______ values, shaping societal behavior.

moral Signup and view all the answers

Susie observes her schoolmates to modify her ______ and behavior.

speech Signup and view all the answers

A married man may still look to his ______ friends as a reference group.

single Signup and view all the answers

Reference groups help us identify social ______ and guide our behavior.

norms Signup and view all the answers

Most reference groups are considered ______ because they are based on shared interests.

informal Signup and view all the answers

Formal reference groups have a specific ______ or mission.

goal Signup and view all the answers

Embracing the norms of a reference group can lead to social ______.

acceptance Signup and view all the answers

Those who do not express the expected norms of their reference groups might be seen as ______.

outcasts Signup and view all the answers

A social network is a social structure that exists between ______ or organizations.

actors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enculturisation and Socialisation

Enculturisation is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values to function in society.
Socialisation is the process of modifying behaviour to align with group expectations.
Human development progresses through stages: vegetative (focus on survival), animal (driven by basic needs), and human (development of personality).

Social norms are standards of behaviour defining right and wrong actions.
Folkways are customary practices with little social consequence for violation.
Mores have strong moral and ethical implications.
Laws are formalized norms enforced by authority.
Sanctions are penalties for norm violations, ranging from informal (social disapproval) to formal (legal punishments).

Forms of Sanctions

Informal sanctions involve social pressure (gossip, disapproval, support).
Formal sanctions include academic awards, promotions, and legal punishments.

Application of Sanctions

Physical sanctions involve pain or pleasure.
Psychological sanctions affect feelings and emotions (compliments, insults).

Status and Role

Status is a social position (ascribed or achieved).
Ascribed status is assigned at birth, while achieved status is earned.
Role is the behaviour expected of a particular status.
Role conflict arises from conflicting expectations of multiple statuses.
Role set is the collection of roles associated with a particular status.

Socialization for Sex Roles

Societies categorize individuals based on gender.
Gender differences are culturally determined.
Societal norms prescribe varying expectations and behaviours for males and females.
Gender roles stem from cultural beliefs and norms.

Social control varies across cultures.
In primitive societies, beliefs and superstition suffice.
In modern societies, formal agencies (like police) play a significant role.
Direct control (family, peers) and indirect control (traditions, customs) are common.
Positive sanctions (praise, recognition) and negative sanctions (criticism, punishment) motivate conformity.

Deviance

Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
Cultural norms vary widely, and actions considered deviant by one group may be acceptable in another.

Modes of Adaptation

Conformity (accepting goals and means).
Innovation (accepting goals, rejecting means).
Ritualism (rejecting goals, accepting means).
Retreatism (rejecting goals and means).
Rebellion (rejecting goals and means, substituting alternatives).

Biological pathology: Deviance stems from physical illness or malfunction.
Cultural conflict: Deviance occurs when two belief systems clash.
Labeling theory: Deviance is defined by social reaction.
Value conflict: Deviance is viewed as violating group values.

Common Forms of Deviance

Criminal behaviour, drug addiction, and mental illness are common.

Citizenship

Citizenship is membership in a political community, including rights and responsibilities.
The rights of citizenship are enshrined in the Constitution.
Civic responsibility includes abiding by laws, supporting the community, and respecting others.

Groups

Primary groups (family, close friends) engage in frequent interaction.
Secondary groups (colleagues, acquaintances) involve limited interaction (often based on needs).
Groups are classified by social ties, self-identification, purpose, and organization.
Reference groups are groups used as a standard for comparison, whether or not individuals are members of the group.

Social networks link individuals and organizations.
Networks exist across numerous levels (family, national).
Networks are important for solving problems, achieving goals, and navigating society.
Modes of adaptation range from conforming to rebellions.

Kinship

Kinship ties can be based on blood or marriage relationships, or based on broader ritualistic norms (like godparenthood)..
Kinship shapes family structure and dynamics within a society.
Variation exists in family patterns based on origin, descent, residence, organization, and kinship.
Politics often play a role in shaping kinship relationships, and kinship often influences political outcomes.

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Explore the concepts of enculturisation and socialisation in this insightful quiz. Learn about social norms, values, and the stages of human development while testing your understanding of these essential sociological principles. Delve into the significance of sanctions and their impact on societal behavior.