UCSP - Unit 4: Enculturation and Socialization PDF

**UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY LESSON 1: ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION** **WHAT IS ENCULTURATION? WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?** Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to become functioning members of their societi...

**UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY LESSON 1: ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION** **WHAT IS ENCULTURATION? WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?** Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable them to become functioning members of their societies. Socialization, on the other hand, is the process whereby the individual's behavior is modified to conform to the expectation of the group. **THREE LEVELS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT** The vegetative level refers to embryo and early infancy. This is characterized by preoccupation with food. The infant grabs things and brings them directly to the mouth. The main thought of the infant is survival. The animal level is characterized by desires for sex and reproduction. At this stage man is no different from animals in their need for food and sex. At this stage, the socialization of man is incomplete. The human level is considered the attainment of human of a personality. This implies the assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and values the society considers necessary and important to the well-being of the group. **SOCIAL NORMS AND SOCIAL VALUES** Social norms are standards of behavior which tell whether an action is right or wrong; appropriate or not. They represent standardized generalizations concerning expected modes of behavior. Among the norms observed by society include folkways, mores and laws. **1. Folkways are customary ways of doing things which are fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is generally not considered serious within a particular culture. They are the habits, customs, and repetitive patterns of behavior.** **EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO FOLKWAYS** ** ** Mano Po (Blessing of the hand/ means \"right\" \[opposite of \"left\"\] and po is a word you say to show respect. Usually, it\'s the kids who execute the \"Mano Po\" although adults will also do this especially when visiting their parents or other elders. ** ** Po and Opo. It is a kind of respect you use among elders in the Filipino culture. It's also a custom provided in the Philippines to mean respect for older people. ** ** Bayanihan. It is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan referring to a nation, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. ** ** Harana. It is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women, probably a Spanish influence. It has been practiced mostly in rural areas and small towns. The man goes to the house of the woman he is courting and sings love songs to her. ** ** Pamamanhikan- From the word panhik \[which means to ascend stairs\], is \"the asking for the girl's parents' permission to wed the affianced pair.\" The custom symbolizes honor and respect for the parents, seeking their blessing and approval before getting married. **2.** Mores are special folkways with moral and ethical values which are strongly held and emphasized. These include customs, values, and behaviors that are accepted by a particular group, culture, etc. **3.** Laws are formalized norms enacted by people vested with authority. These laws reinforce the mores. **4.** Sanctions are penalties or other means of enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with rules and regulations. To ensure that individuals conform to the norms or behave in ways prescribed within society, sanctions are applied to attain the individual's conformity and acceptance of its norms. **FORMS OF SANCTIONS** **a.** Informal sanctions come in unfavorable or favorable public opinion, giving or withdrawing of support, or gossip. **b.** Formal sanctions may be in the nature of getting high academic ratings, awards in school, promotion or salary increase for employees, medals or plaques of honor, certifications of merit or other citations fort achievement. **APPLICATION OF SANCTIONS** **a.** Physical sanctions: bring physical pain or pleasure. Ex: Having it bringspleasure, losing it brings pain. **b.** Psychological sanctions: address the feelings and emotions of a person. They can make one feel good or bad. Positive psychological sanctions are found in compliments, ribbons, badges and awards. Negative psychological sanctions are found in insults and rejection. Social values are cultural standards that indicate the general good deemed desirable for organized social life. These are assumptions of what is right and important for society. **STATUS AND ROLE** Status refers to one's position or place in a social group. It can be ascribed, a status that is assigned to an individual from birth; or achieved, that which one acquires either by choice or by force or through some form of competition and individual effort. Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status. It is the totality of cultural patterns and behavior expected of a particular status. **FORMS OF ROLES** **a.** Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties and obligations an individual has while occupying a status. **b.** Role as Performance refers to how the individual actually behaves while occupying the status. **c.** Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands from his two or more statuses. This happens when in his performance of one role; such would run counter to another role. **d.** Role Set refers to the individual's repertoire (list) of performances towards variety of others while he/she occupies a given status. **SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES** Societies categorize their members into males and females and each is viewed as a distinct sex or gender. Gender differences are a function of cultural patterns which prescribe the different expectations and norms of behavior for boys and girls.STATUS AND ROLE Status refers to one's position or place in a social group. It can be ascribed, a status that is assigned to an individual from birth; or achieved, that which one acquires either by choice or by force or through some form of competition and individual effort. Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status. It is the totality of cultural patterns and behavior expected of a particular status. **FORMS OF ROLES** **a.** Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties and obligations an individual has while occupying a status. **b.** Role as Performance refers to how the individual actually behaves while occupying the status. **c.** Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands from his two or more statuses. This happens when in his performance of one role; such would run counter to another role. **d.** Role Set refers to the individual's repertoire (list) of performances towards variety of others while he/she occupies a given status. **SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES** Societies categorize their members into males and females and each is viewed as a distinct sex or gender. Gender differences are a function of cultural patterns which prescribe the different expectations and norms of behavior for boys and girls. **UNIT 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY\ LESSON 2: CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE** Society employs various forms of **social control** depending on the context. In primitive societies, beliefs and superstition are sufficient for control. In rural areas, folkways, norms, beliefs, customs, and traditions are the main tools of social control, while in modern societies, formal agencies like the police, military, radio, newspapers, and universities are employed. ### **TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL** 1. 2. ### **POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MEANS** - - ### **FORMAL AND INFORMAL CONTROL** - - ### **DEVIANCE** **Deviance** is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. While deviant behavior is often associated with breaking the law or acting negatively, it is important to recognize that deviance can be either tolerated, approved, or disapproved. **Two types:** Positive and Negative Deviance ### **EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS** 1. - - 2. - 3. - 4. - ### **MOST COMMON FORMS OF DEVIANCE** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. **MODES OF ADAPTATION** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | | **Modes of | **Societal | **Approved | | | Adaptation** | Goals** | Means** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **1.** | **Conformist** | **Accept** | **Accept** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **2.** | **Innovator** | **Accept** | **Reject** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **3.** | **Ritualist** | **Reject** | **Accept** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **4.** | **Retreatist** | **Reject** | **Reject** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **5.** | **Rebel** | **Reject and** | **Reject and | | | | | Substitute** | | | | **Substitute | | | | | New Goals** | **New Means** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **UNIT 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY\ LESSON 3: HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD** ### **MAN AS A MEMBER OF A POLITICAL COMMUNITY** A member of a political community should internalize the Preamble of the Constitution by heart. **The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution** states: Every individual is part of a society that essentially forms a **body politic** called the **state** or **government**, which guarantees the rights and duties of its citizens as enshrined in the Constitution. ### **CITIZENSHIP** Citizenship has been defined as "membership in a political community which is personal and more or less permanent in character." It is the status or character of being a citizen. A citizen of a given state or country is one who owes it permanent allegiance and is entitled to its protection on the basis of the legal and political conception of citizenship. Thus, being a citizen necessarily entails the assertion of one's rights and privileges and conversely, an unwavering performance of one\'s duties and obligations to the government. The Constitution recognizes the human rights of every citizen as enumerated in the Bill of Rights. These include natural rights, civil rights, political rights, economic rights, as well as the rights of the accused before, during, and after trial. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles, and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. Every member of society deserves human dignity. Human dignity refers to an individual or group\'s sense of self-respect and self-worth, as well as physical and psychological integrity and empowerment. Moral, ethical, legal, and political discussions use the concept of dignity to express the idea that every person has an innate right to be valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment. ### **INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP** As citizens, we always think of promoting the common good or general welfare. A responsible citizen promotes the common good by obeying the law, paying taxes honestly, informing themselves about important political issues, volunteering in the community, and respecting the rights and opinions of others. A responsible citizen is willing to sacrifice personal interests for the collective good of the nation. They remember their civic duties and serve their country despite any discomfort such actions might bring. Responsible citizens obey the law. A harmonious society has order. Every citizen implicitly consents to maintaining social order by upholding the law even when they do not like it. If they believe a law is unfair, they resort to the political process to change it in the manner society prescribes. Good citizens are familiar with politics and keep the government accountable by staying informed about its latest proceedings. They wisely exercise their right to vote so that able, honest individuals are elected to government positions. Responsible citizens volunteer in the community. When they see a need, they do not idly wait for someone else (like the government) to address it. They lend a hand, selflessly offering their time, effort, and resources. Responsible citizens respect the rights and opinions of others and do not use force or abuse the government to silence people with differing views, as such actions undermine a free society. Responsible citizens listen to others with sincerity and work with fellow citizens to find the best solutions to problems. ### **UNIT 5: GROUPS LESSON 1: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS** #### **GROUP** Man by nature is a social being. As such, he needs others to satisfy his psychological, social, and biological needs. To a large extent, man's personality is determined by the kind of experiences he has with the different groups of which he is a member. **What is a group?\ **A social group is a unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing among them. It is a collection of people whose members interact with each other according to the positions they occupy and the roles they are expected to perform. #### **CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS** 1. 2. 3. 4. #### **TYPES OF GROUPS** Contemporary sociologists classify groups into four categories: - - - - ### ### **GROUPS ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES** #### **PRIMARY GROUP** The primary group represents the basic universal human relationship, characterized by intimate, personal, \"face-to-face\" relationships. Its traits include: - - - - **Examples of Primary Groups:** 1. - - - - - 2. - - - - 3. - - - - #### #### **SECONDARY GROUP** The secondary group is one an individual interacts with later in life. Its features include: - - - - **Functions of Secondary Groups:** - - - - **Examples of Secondary Groups:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **UNIT 5 GROUPS\ LESSON 2: IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS** **SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION\ IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS**\ It is a well-known principle in social psychology that people define themselves in terms of social groupings and are quick to denigrate others who don\'t fit into those groups. Others who share our particular qualities are our \"in-group,\" and those who do not are our \"out-group.\" In-groups are social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs, while an individual doesn\'t identify with the out-group. The In-Group is a group in which an individual identifies himself and is given a sense of belongingness. It can be as small as the family or as big as the nation. It is in this group that the individual learns to use "my" and "we." The Out-Group is a group towards which one has a feeling of indifference, strangeness, avoidance, and dislike. It refers to the members' position in reference to another group or to a group where they do not belong. **SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE** 1. 2. 3. **SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION** 1. 2. **WHAT IS PEER PRESSURE?**\ Peer pressure is a social pressure by members of one\'s peer group to take a certain action, adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted. It is normal to want to belong and feel part of a group. There is nothing wrong with having good friendships. However, choosing who our friends are is an integral aspect of friendship. There is a downside to seeking out good relationships. **UNIT 5 GROUPS\ LESSON 3: REFERENCE GROUPS** **REFERENCE GROUP**\ Reference group is a group to which the individual refers and with whom he identifies either consciously or unconsciously. It serves as a model to which the individual patterns his lifestyle. It can be a primary group, status group, or a professional association, etc. The individual may or may not be a member of this group. Example of this group: A group of doctors may serve as a reference to an individual who wants to become a doctor. A reference group is a group to which we compare ourselves. Reference groups, such as college freshmen, serve as a standard to which we measure our behaviors and attitudes. We use reference groups in order to guide our behavior and attitudes and help us to identify social norms. For example, suppose that Susie is a 13-year-old female who transfers to a new school. Susie may pay attention to what her schoolmates wear, how they speak, where they hang out, and how they behave. Susie then takes this information and uses it in order to modify her speech, determine what she wears to school, how she does her hair, which shows to watch on television, etc. A group that we have been a part of in the past or that we will be a part of in the future can serve as a reference group. A married man may still look to his single friends as a reference group, even though this is a group that he no longer belongs to. In the same token, a woman pregnant with her first child may use women with children as a reference group, even though she does not yet belong to this group. It is important to note that a majority of us rely on multiple reference groups. So, Susie may not only look to her schoolmates to identify social norms, but also her favorite singers to compare her body size to see if she is of normal weight. **INFORMAL & FORMAL REFERENCE GROUPS**\ Most reference groups are informal reference groups, which means that they are based on the group members\' shared interests and goals. Informal groups are not structured with a specific goal in mind. Group members interact on a very personal level. Examples of informal reference groups include: Families, a group of local mothers, peer groups. Formal reference groups have a specific goal or mission. They also have a specific structure and positions of authority. Examples of formal reference groups include: Labor unions, Greenpeace, PlanetSavers **REFERENCE GROUPS PERFORM THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS** 1. 2. 3. Embracing the norms of a reference group and expressing them ourselves is how we achieve important connections with others that lead to social acceptance---doing so is how we \"fit in\" and achieve a sense of belonging. Conversely, those of us who either can\'t or choose not to embrace and express the norms of reference groups that are expected of us might be seen as outcasts, criminals, or in other cases, revolutionaries or trendsetters. **UNIT 5 GROUPS\ LESSON 4: SOCIAL NETWORKS** **SOCIAL NETWORK\ **A social network is a social structure that exists between actors---individuals or organizations. It indicates the way people and organizations are connected through various social relationships, ranging from casual acquaintances to close familial bonds. Social networks consist of nodes and ties. A node refers to the individual or organization participating in the network. Ties represent the connections between these nodes, which can be assessed in terms of strength. Loose connections, such as acquaintances, are considered weak ties, while strong ties, like family bonds, are considered strong ties. The study of social networks is referred to as either social network analysis or social network theory. Research suggests that social networks operate on many levels---from familial to national---and play a critical role in solving problems, running organizations, and determining individual success in achieving goals. Social network theory posits that individual traits and characteristics often presumed to be significant matter less than an individual\'s relationships and ties to others in the network. Critics argue that this perspective reduces the power and agency of the individual. Despite these criticisms, sociologists study social networks due to their influence on individuals, as they are seen as the primary tool for connecting to society. **SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY**\ Social Network Theory examines how people, organizations, or groups interact with others within their network. To understand the theory, it\'s helpful to look at individual components starting from the largest element, which is the network, down to the smallest, which is the actor. There are three types of social networks that social scientists explore: 1. 2. 3. **SOCIAL MEDIA**\ Social media is often referred to as the fourth pillar of democracy, providing a platform where the emotions of a democratic nation can be expressed. It plays a significant role in amplifying the public voice, especially for those who may not have easy access to mainstream media. Social media includes various tools used by the public to interact with society. Popular platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and Google+, as well as private forums, allow people to engage with others on a variety of issues. Social media has become integral in connecting the world. The importance of social media is undeniable, particularly in a world where fame is no longer limited to celebrities in movies, sports, or politics. Social media has given rise to a new category of celebrities, known as social media celebrities. People with unique talents or knowledge no longer need a major breakthrough to be noticed; with talent and the right platform, anyone can find an audience. For example, a video of a toddler and her mother singing a song from a Disney movie went viral and made them celebrities overnight, with over 4 million views in just a few days. Social media has also played a crucial role in raising awareness of important social issues. Campaigns like breast cancer awareness on Instagram and viral YouTube videos, such as one by Alia Bhatt discussing girls' safety, have brought previously ignored issues into the spotlight. Social media has allowed the general public to discuss uncomfortable topics, helping society make significant progress toward addressing real-world problems. Aside from social influence, social media has a commercial impact. Due to its massive audience, it has become an effective platform for advertising and marketing. Many businesses use social media to connect with target customers and serve them better. For instance, major companies now host Facebook and Twitter pages to engage with their audience. Hence, social media plays a significant role in shaping the world we live in. ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ### **KINSHIP.** **Kinship** refers to **relationships based on blood or marriage.** Every society defines the nature of kinship interactions by determining which kin are socially significant, the terms for classifying kin, and the expected behaviors between them. **Types of Kinship:** 1. 2. 3. Kinship can refer to both the patterns of social relationships and the study of those patterns across cultures, incorporating concepts such as descent, descent groups, lineage, affinity, and consanguinity. ### **KINSHIP BY BLOOD** **Descent** refers to a group whose membership is determined by common ancestry (real or mythical). - - ### **KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE** **Marriage** is an institution that **formalizes the relationship between a man and a woman,** outlining their rights, duties, and privileges towards each other, their children, relatives, and society. - - - - **Types of Marriages:** 1. - - 2. 3. ### **KINSHIP BY RITUAL** **Ritual kinship**, such as godparenthood, is **significant in strengthening kinship ties.** In many cultures, godparents are chosen for a child's baptism, confirmation, or marriage. - - - ### **VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS** **Based on Internal Organization:** 1. 2. **Based on Origin:** 1. 2. **Based on Descent:** 1. 2. 3. **Based on Who Wields Power:** 1. 2. 3. **Based on Residence:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ### **POLITICS OF KINSHIP** Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle **"blood is thicker than water."** It asserts that **power should be distributed among family members. For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship connections and must be circulated only among those who are tied by blood.** **The concept gave rise to political dynasties** -- the rule of families in the political arena. The concept is accepted by reference to the fact that **politics is often replete with adversity, conflict, and betrayal,** known as the **Brutus syndrome**. Not surprisingly, even within the system of modern democracy, most of Philippines' politicians prefer to bestow political power on their kin groups by manipulating the democratic system. **Politicians seem to put more trust in their own family members than others**, because they are unlikely to betray them.