Sociology Chapter 9: Social Stratification

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Questions and Answers

Which type of group focuses on emotional support and relationship building?

Expressive Functions (correct)

In-Group

Instrumental Functions

Out-Group

An aggregate is a group that shares strong personal bonds and sees themselves as belonging together.

False

What are the three types of organization based on membership?

Normative, Coercive, Utilitarian

The leader who allows group members freedom and is hands-off is known as a ______ leader.

Laissez-faire Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leadership styles with their characteristics:

Authoritarian = Leader expects obedience and makes all decisions Democratic = Leader encourages group participation Laissez-faire = Leader is hands-off and allows freedom Transactional = Leader uses rewards and punishments to manage group Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes behavior that violates social norms?

Deviance Signup and view all the answers

Asch's Research demonstrated that individuals always resist group pressure.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to Merton's Strain Theory, deviance results from the strain between what two aspects?

Cultural goals and the means to achieve them Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for women?

Care and relationships Signup and view all the answers

Role strain refers to the difficulty in managing multiple roles simultaneously.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'impression management' refer to?

Controlling how others perceive you. Signup and view all the answers

A person becomes a doctor through _____ status.

achieved Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of socialization agents with their descriptions:

Primary Groups = Small, close-knit, long-term groups Institutional Agents = Organizations influencing behavior Secondary Groups = Larger, less personal groups Social Group Agents = Groups influencing behavior and norms Signup and view all the answers

In George Herbert Mead's theory, which stage involves role-playing?

Play Stage Signup and view all the answers

Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief leads to its own confirmation.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of resocialization?

Military boot camp. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests that stratification benefits the wealthy and powerful?

Conflict Perspective Signup and view all the answers

Status consistency occurs when a person's income, education, and occupation are aligned at different levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for groups that are singled out for unequal treatment?

Minority groups Signup and view all the answers

The _____ theory suggests that societal problems are blamed on minority groups to divert attention.

Scapegoat Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theoretical perspectives to their main focus:

Functionalist Perspective = Motivating people to fill important roles Conflict Perspective = Maintaining power for the wealthy Symbolic Interactionist Perspective = Daily interactions reflecting status Scapegoat Theory = Blaming minorities for societal issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines ethnicity?

Shared cultural identity based on language and customs Signup and view all the answers

The functionalist perspective argues that racial and ethnic inequalities are harmful and destabilizing to society.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a social group that may experience systemic racism.

African Americans Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests that stratification serves a function in society by motivating individuals to fill important roles?

Functionalist Perspective Signup and view all the answers

Scapegoat theory involves holding the dominant group responsible for societal problems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a category of people identified by physical traits and often given social meanings?

Race Signup and view all the answers

A group that has more power and privilege in society is known as the _____ group.

dominant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a minority group facing systemic racism in the U.S.?

African Americans Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates status consistency in an individual?

A professor with a PhD earning a decent salary and respected in society. Signup and view all the answers

Symbolic interactionism focuses solely on the economic disparities in society.

False Signup and view all the answers

What do functionalist theorists believe about gender roles?

They contribute to societal stability. Signup and view all the answers

The Conflict Perspective suggests that gender inequality arises from power struggles, where men have historically held dominance.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Sociology' and what significant term did he coin?

Auguste Comte; Sociology Signup and view all the answers

In the Netherlands, ______ marriage has been legal since 2001, reflecting cultural acceptance.

same-sex Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theorists with their contributions:

Auguste Comte = Coined the term sociology and proposed scientific methods. Harriet Martineau = Advocated for social justice and women's rights. Karl Marx = Focused on class struggles and economic inequality. Emile Durkheim = Studied social integration and its effects on society. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective emphasize in relation to gender?

Gender is reinforced through interactions and symbols. Signup and view all the answers

Sexuality attitudes and practices are universally the same across all cultures.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for the concept of double consciousness?

W.E.B. Du Bois Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of how gender stereotypes are reinforced in everyday interactions?

Greeting girls as 'sweet' and boys as 'strong.' Signup and view all the answers

Herbert Spencer is recognized for his work on social integration and functionalism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term did Emile Durkheim coin to describe patterns in society that influence behavior?

social facts Signup and view all the answers

Karl Marx developed the theory of __________, emphasizing the conflicts between different social classes.

Conflict Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist is associated with the study of bureaucracy and the role of religion in capitalism?

Max Weber Signup and view all the answers

Match the sociologist with their primary contribution:

Karl Marx = Conflict Theory Herbert Spencer = "Survival of the fittest" W.E.B. Du Bois = Double consciousness George Herbert Mead = Symbolic Interactionism Signup and view all the answers

Constructivism is the belief that reality is fixed and unchangeable.

False Signup and view all the answers

What research method involves the researcher actively participating in the group being studied?

Participant Observation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates discrimination against LGBTQ people?

Denying someone a job due to their sexual orientation Signup and view all the answers

The gender pay gap refers to women earning more than men for the same work.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of heterosexism?

The assumption that heterosexuality is the norm, leading to prejudice against LGBTQ individuals. Signup and view all the answers

A person whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth is known as ______.

transgender Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Gender Identity = A person's internal sense of their gender Gender Roles = Expectations about behavior based on gender The Glass Ceiling = An invisible barrier restricting women's and minorities' advancement Socialization (gender) = Learning societal norms and roles related to gender Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'gender roles'?

Societal expectations on how individuals should behave based on gender Signup and view all the answers

All ethnic groups in the U.S. faced the same level of prejudice and exploitation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'gender pay gap' refer to?

The average difference in earnings between men and women for the same work. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the unfair treatment of individuals based on their race or ethnicity?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Colorblind racism allows inequalities to persist by ignoring racial differences.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of institutional racism?

Racial disparities in criminal sentencing. Signup and view all the answers

The advantages experienced by White individuals simply because of their race is known as _______ privilege.

white Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

Prejudice = Negative beliefs about a group based on race Assimilation = Adoption of a dominant culture by a minority group Pluralism = Coexistence of multiple racial or ethnic groups Individual Racism = Personal biases or actions against individuals of different races Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of pluralism?

Distinct groups coexisting equally Signup and view all the answers

Assuming someone is lazy because of their racial background, without evidence, is an example of _____?

prejudice Signup and view all the answers

Institutional racism can be seen in laws that overtly discriminate against minority groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a hypothesis in research?

To formulate a testable prediction Signup and view all the answers

Reliability refers to whether a study measures what it claims to.

False Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of operational definition.

Defining 'success' as earning over $100,000 annually. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ involves immersion in a community to observe and describe it.

ethnography Signup and view all the answers

What does value neutrality in research aim to achieve?

Objective reporting of results Signup and view all the answers

Match the research methods with their definitions:

Case Study = An in-depth study of one subject or situation. Field Research = Collecting data in a natural setting. Correlation = A relationship between two variables, but not causation. Ethics in Research = Guidelines to ensure participants are treated respectfully. Signup and view all the answers

The Tuskegee Experiment was an ethical research study.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of culture?

Shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition: A system where society ranks people into layers based on wealth, power, and prestige.
Example: Upper, middle, and lower classes in the U.S.

Caste System

Definition: A system where people are born into a social rank and cannot change it.
Example: India's caste system, where jobs and marriages were traditionally determined by caste.

Absolute Poverty

Definition: Lacking the basic necessities to live, like food, water, or shelter.
Example: A person who cannot afford enough food to meet daily needs.

Relative Poverty

Definition: Being poor compared to others in your society, even if basic needs are met.
Example: a family in the U.S. without a car may be in relative poverty because others around them have cars.

Conspicuous Consumption

Definition: Buying things to show off wealth or status.
Example: Purchasing an expensive designer bag, not for utility but to display wealth.

Davis-Moore Thesis

Definition: A theory that says society rewards people with higher pay and prestige for doing harder or more important jobs.
Example: Doctors earn more than retail workers because their job is more complex and vital.

Endogamous & Exogamous

Endogamous: Marrying within your social group or class.
Example: Two people from the same religion getting married.
Exogamous: Marrying outside your social group or class.
Example: A wealthy person marrying someone from a lower-income background.

Ideology

Definition: A set of beliefs that justify how society is organized.
Example: The idea of the "American Dream" supports the belief that anyone can succeed with hard work, even if opportunities aren't equal.

Inter & Intragenerational Mobility

Intergenerational Mobility: Social movement across generations in a family.
Example: A child of a janitor becomes a professor.
Intragenerational Mobility: Social movement during a person's own lifetime.
Example: A person starts as a fast-food worker and becomes a restaurant owner.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Definition: A combination of income, education, and occupation used to rank people in society.
Example: A lawyer with a high income and advanced education has a high SES.

Status Consistency

Definition: When someone's income, education, and occupation align at the same level.
Example: A professor earns a decent salary, has a PhD, and is respected in society (all high status).

Theoretical Perspectives (Functionalist, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionist)

Detailed explanations of each perspective regarding stratification are not provided in this document.

Chapter 11: Race & Ethnicity

Detailed explanations of race, ethnicity, minority groups, dominant groups, and Scapegoat Theory are not provided in this document.
Theoretical perspectives on race and culture are not covered.

Chapter 12: Sex & Gender

Detailed explanations of sex, gender, gender roles, gender identity, transgender, heterosexism are not provided in this document.
Explanations of theoretical perspectives on gender, and The Glass Ceiling are also not covered.

Chapter 13: Culture

Detailed explanations of Society, Material & Non-Material Culture, Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, Culture Shock and Sanctions are not covered.
Detailed explanations of additional concepts like Norms, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, Subculture, Counterculture, theories and concepts of Émile Durkheim are not covered.

Socio-cultural theories

Overview of different theories, including Symbolic Interactionism, Functionalism, and Conflict Perspective.
Key concepts and examples related to applying the sociological perspective to social interactions.
Biographical information regarding key figures and their contributions.

Research Methods

Overview of various research designs, including participant observation, existing data analysis, scientific method, hypothesis formulation.
Detailed definitions, examples, and critical evaluation of research methodologies.

Other concepts

Detailed explanations of other related concepts within this document are also lacking.

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Description

Explore the concepts of social stratification, caste systems, and different forms of poverty in this quiz. Delve into how wealth, power, and prestige influence society. Understand conspicuous consumption and the implications of the Davis-Moore thesis on social structures.

Sociology Chapter 9: Social Stratification

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Questions and Answers

Which type of group focuses on emotional support and relationship building?

An aggregate is a group that shares strong personal bonds and sees themselves as belonging together.

What are the three types of organization based on membership?

The leader who allows group members freedom and is hands-off is known as a ______ leader.

Match the following leadership styles with their characteristics:

Which term describes behavior that violates social norms?

Asch's Research demonstrated that individuals always resist group pressure.

According to Merton's Strain Theory, deviance results from the strain between what two aspects?

What is the primary focus of Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for women?

Role strain refers to the difficulty in managing multiple roles simultaneously.

What does the term 'impression management' refer to?

A person becomes a doctor through _____ status.

Match the following types of socialization agents with their descriptions:

In George Herbert Mead's theory, which stage involves role-playing?

Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a belief leads to its own confirmation.

What is one example of resocialization?

Which perspective suggests that stratification benefits the wealthy and powerful?

Status consistency occurs when a person's income, education, and occupation are aligned at different levels.

What is the term for groups that are singled out for unequal treatment?

The _____ theory suggests that societal problems are blamed on minority groups to divert attention.

Match the following theoretical perspectives to their main focus:

Which of the following best defines ethnicity?

The functionalist perspective argues that racial and ethnic inequalities are harmful and destabilizing to society.

Provide an example of a social group that may experience systemic racism.

Which perspective suggests that stratification serves a function in society by motivating individuals to fill important roles?

Scapegoat theory involves holding the dominant group responsible for societal problems.

What is the term for a category of people identified by physical traits and often given social meanings?

A group that has more power and privilege in society is known as the _____ group.

Which of the following is an example of a minority group facing systemic racism in the U.S.?

What example illustrates status consistency in an individual?

Symbolic interactionism focuses solely on the economic disparities in society.

What do functionalist theorists believe about gender roles?

The Conflict Perspective suggests that gender inequality arises from power struggles, where men have historically held dominance.

Who is known as the 'Father of Sociology' and what significant term did he coin?

In the Netherlands, ______ marriage has been legal since 2001, reflecting cultural acceptance.

Match the following theorists with their contributions:

What does the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective emphasize in relation to gender?

Sexuality attitudes and practices are universally the same across all cultures.

Who is known for the concept of double consciousness?

What is one example of how gender stereotypes are reinforced in everyday interactions?

Herbert Spencer is recognized for his work on social integration and functionalism.

What term did Emile Durkheim coin to describe patterns in society that influence behavior?

Karl Marx developed the theory of __________, emphasizing the conflicts between different social classes.

Which sociologist is associated with the study of bureaucracy and the role of religion in capitalism?

Match the sociologist with their primary contribution:

Constructivism is the belief that reality is fixed and unchangeable.

What research method involves the researcher actively participating in the group being studied?

Which of the following examples best illustrates discrimination against LGBTQ people?

The gender pay gap refers to women earning more than men for the same work.

What is the definition of heterosexism?

A person whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth is known as ______.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following best describes the term 'gender roles'?

All ethnic groups in the U.S. faced the same level of prejudice and exploitation.

What does the term 'gender pay gap' refer to?

Which term describes the unfair treatment of individuals based on their race or ethnicity?

Colorblind racism allows inequalities to persist by ignoring racial differences.

What is an example of institutional racism?

The advantages experienced by White individuals simply because of their race is known as _______ privilege.

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

What is the primary characteristic of pluralism?

Assuming someone is lazy because of their racial background, without evidence, is an example of _____?

Institutional racism can be seen in laws that overtly discriminate against minority groups.

What is the primary purpose of a hypothesis in research?

Reliability refers to whether a study measures what it claims to.

Provide an example of operational definition.

The __________ involves immersion in a community to observe and describe it.

What does value neutrality in research aim to achieve?

Match the research methods with their definitions:

The Tuskegee Experiment was an ethical research study.

What is the definition of culture?

Study Notes

Chapter 9: Social Stratification

Caste System

Absolute Poverty

Relative Poverty