Sociology Chapter 8 & 9: Race, Ethnicity, Gender

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Questions and Answers

What is the key distinction between how W.E.B. Du Bois and Kimberlé Crenshaw approached the study of race in society?

  • Du Bois emphasized the impact of colonialism on racial inequality, while Crenshaw focused on the role of capitalism in racial oppression.
  • Du Bois developed the concept of 'double consciousness,' while Crenshaw developed the theory of intersectionality. (correct)
  • Du Bois focused on the experiences of African Americans in the U.S., while Crenshaw focused on the intersection of race with other social factors.
  • Du Bois focused on the social construction of race, while Crenshaw focused on the biological reality of race.

How does the concept of 'racialization' help explain the complex dynamics of race in society?

  • It suggests that race is a relatively unimportant factor in shaping social relations and power structures.
  • It emphasizes that race is a fixed biological category, making it an objective measure of human difference.
  • It demonstrates how race is primarily a matter of individual prejudice and discrimination, rather than systemic inequality.
  • It highlights the ways in which social and historical processes construct and assign meaning to racial categories. (correct)

Why is the concept of a 'master narrative' problematic in understanding racial dynamics?

  • It offers a neutral and objective perspective on race, avoiding any potentially biased interpretations.
  • It challenges existing power structures by exposing the hidden histories of racial injustice.
  • It provides a scientific explanation for racial differences, disregarding the social and historical factors involved. (correct)
  • It often focuses on the experiences of marginalized groups, neglecting the perspectives of dominant groups.

What does the Komagata Maru Incident reveal about the historical treatment of South Asian immigrants in Canada?

<p>It demonstrates the discriminatory and racist policies that Canada employed against South Asian immigrants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'colourism' complicate our understanding of racial discrimination?

<p>It demonstrates that discrimination based on skin tone operates within racial groups, often perpetuating a hierarchy of privilege. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Indian Act' reveal about the historical relationship between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples?

<p>It demonstrates a policy of assimilation aimed at integrating Indigenous peoples into mainstream Canadian society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the 'buried knowledge' of marginalized groups, as described by Foucault?

<p>It challenges dominant narratives and provides a more complete understanding of historical events and social processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist is best known for the concept of gender performativity?

<p>Judith Butler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the intersectionality of race and gender affecting Black women?

<p>Misogynoir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist perspective emphasizes intrinsic differences between men and women?

<p>Essentialist Feminism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Weber, what is a key feature of bureaucracy?

<p>Rationalization of processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to how efficiency and predictability shape modern society?

<p>McDonaldization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Karl Marx's characterization of religion's role in society?

<p>The 'opiate of the masses' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon of men being advanced faster than women in the workplace?

<p>Glass Escalator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the belief system structured around a divine authority?

<p>Theocracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Protestant Work Ethic' entail according to Max Weber?

<p>Valuing hard work as a moral duty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that work can lead to spiritual salvation?

<p>Protestant Work Ethic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is characterized by viewing social conflicts primarily through the lens of economic class struggles?

<p>Conflict Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Symbolic Interactionism primarily analyze?

<p>Individual behaviors and interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for developing the concept of the 'Looking-Glass Self'?

<p>Charles Cooley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct interpretation of 'Alienation' according to Marx's theories?

<p>Disconnection from the product of labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epiphenomenal theory imply about the roots of ethnic conflict?

<p>It is an outcome of economic disparities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes advantages based on race that are systematically afforded to certain groups?

<p>White Privilege (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a form of racism?

<p>Hate Crimes (A), Systemic Discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society does Structural Functionalism primarily focus on?

<p>Social unity and stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist is associated with differing views on the effect of economic systems on social relationships?

<p>Karl Marx (A), Max Weber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural hegemony refer to?

<p>The dominance of one cultural group over others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best characterizes role conflict?

<p>A situation where multiple social roles clash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is stigma defined by Erving Goffman?

<p>A negative social label that changes identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate example of social capital?

<p>Possessing strong professional networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnocentrism entail?

<p>Judging other cultures based on one’s own (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the term 'visible minority'?

<p>A term identifying non-white, non-Indigenous individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about social constructivism?

<p>It considers ethnicity shaped by social context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical change did Bill C-31 (1985) implement?

<p>It allowed Indian Status for Indigenous women previously married outside their community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hegemonic masculinity represent?

<p>An idealized form of masculinity that dominates over others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feminist perspective connects gender oppression with economic structures?

<p>Socialist feminism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory perceives gender as a spectrum rather than a binary?

<p>Postmodern feminism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'doing gender' refer to?

<p>Performing socially ascribed activities based on gender roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term reflects the belief that heterosexuality is the normative sexual orientation?

<p>Heteronormativity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the concept of 'iron cage of rationality'?

<p>Max Weber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'false consciousness' in Marxist theory?

<p>Believing in societal structures that oppress oneself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Collective Consciousness

The shared beliefs and values of a society.

Cultural Hegemony

The dominance of one cultural group over others.

Social Capital

Having strong professional networks that provide benefits.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures based on one’s own culture.

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Role Conflict

A situation where multiple social roles clash or cause dilemma.

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Double Consciousness

A concept by W.E.B. Du Bois about the internal struggle of African Americans feeling divided between their identity and societal perceptions.

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Intersectionality

A theory developed by Kimberlé Crenshaw that examines how various social identities intersect and create unique experiences of discrimination.

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Race vs Ethnicity

Race is often viewed as a biological concept, while ethnicity is based on cultural identity and social constructs.

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Racialization

The process of attributing behaviors or characteristics to racial groups.

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Master Narrative

A dominant story that often omits or sanitizes racial injustices in the historical context.

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Colourism

Discrimination based on skin tone within racial groups, favoring lighter skin tones.

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Buried Knowledge

A term used by Foucault to describe hidden histories of marginalized groups.

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First sociologist to differentiate sex from gender

Ann Oakley was the first sociologist to make this distinction.

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Gender performativity

Judith Butler proposed that gender is an act performed by individuals.

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Misogynoir

The intersection of racism and sexism specifically targeting Black women.

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Essentialist Feminism

This feminist perspective argues that men and women are fundamentally different.

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Glass Escalator

The phenomenon where men are promoted faster in female-dominated careers.

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Bureaucracy

Developed by Max Weber; it's a structured organization with formal rules.

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Religion as 'opiate of the masses'

Karl Marx described religion as providing illusory happiness and a way to endure suffering.

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McDonaldization

George Ritzer's concept that efficiency, control, and predictability dominate society.

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Protestant Work Ethic

According to Weber, it is a belief that hard work and frugality are inherent religious virtues.

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Social Constructivism

Ethnicity is artificial and shaped by social context.

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Bill C-31 (1985)

Legislation that reinstated Indian Status to Indigenous women.

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Hegemonic Masculinity

The ideal form of masculinity that dominates over others.

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Socialist Feminism

A feminist perspective linking gender oppression to capitalism.

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Doing Gender

Performing socially expected behaviors of gender.

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Heteronormativity

Belief that heterosexuality is the default sexual orientation.

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Iron Cage of Rationality

A term coined by Max Weber describing societal constraints of rationalization.

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False Consciousness

A Marxist concept where the working class is misled about their true economic state.

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Postmodern Feminism

Theory that challenges binary notions of gender and sees it as a spectrum.

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Visible Minority

A legal term identifying non-white, non-Indigenous people in Canada.

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Work and Salvation

The belief that work contributes to one's salvation.

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Rejection of Capitalism

A refusal to accept capitalist economic systems.

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Religious Rituals

Activities or ceremonies related to a religious belief.

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Karl Marx

A philosopher who critiqued capitalism and discussed class struggles.

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Symbolic Interactionism

A theory focusing on individual interactions shaping society.

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White Privilege

Unfair advantages held by white individuals over others.

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Looking-Glass Self

A concept by Charles Cooley regarding self-perception through others' views.

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Alienation

The disconnection between workers and their labor as per Karl Marx.

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Epiphenomenal Theory

The idea that ethnic conflict is a by-product of economic class struggle.

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Study Notes

Chapter 8: Race & Ethnicity

  • Double Consciousness: W.E.B. Du Bois introduced the concept of "double consciousness"
  • Intersectionality: Patricia Hill Collins and Kimberlé Crenshaw developed the theory of intersectionality
  • Race vs. Ethnicity: Race is a social construct, while ethnicity is based on culture. Race is not biological.
  • Racialization: The process of attributing behaviors or traits to racial groups
  • Master Narrative: A dominant story that omits racial injustices in sociology
  • Indigenous Peoples in Canada: The Indian Act historically categorized Indigenous peoples in Canada
  • South Asian Immigration: The Komagata Maru Incident forced the deportation of South Asian immigrants from Canada in 1914
  • Colourism: Discrimination based on skin tone within racial groups

Chapter 9: Gender, Sex & Sexuality

  • Sex vs. Gender: Ann Oakley differentiated sex from gender concepts
  • Gender Performativity: Judith Butler's concept of gender performativity states that gender is an act people perform.
  • Intersection of Racism and Sexism: The term "Misogynoir" describes the intersection of racism and sexism specifically against Black women.
  • Feminist Perspectives: Different feminist perspectives exist including Liberal Feminism, Essentialist Feminism, Socialist Feminism, and Postmodern Feminism.
  • Glass Ceiling/Escalator: Terms for how men tend to be promoted faster in female-dominated careers.

Chapter 10: Social Organization & Religion

  • Bureaucracy and Formal Rationalization: Max Weber developed the concept of bureaucracy and formal rationalization
  • Marx's View of Religion: Marx viewed religion as the "opiate of the masses"
  • McDonaldization: George Ritzer's concept of McDonaldization explains how principles of efficiency, control, and predictability dominate modern society.
  • Protestant Work Ethic: Max Weber's concept of the Protestant Work Ethic refers to the belief that hard work leads to salvation.
  • Collective Consciousness: The shared beliefs and values of a society
  • Suicide as a Social Phenomenon: Emile Durkheim analyzed suicide as a social phenomenon.

Additional Concepts

  • Cultural Hegemony: The dominance of one cultural group over others
  • Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures based on one's own
  • Social Control: The ways society keeps individuals in line with expected behaviors
  • Social Capital: Strong professional networks examples of social capital
  • Glass Ceiling: A barrier preventing individuals, especially women, from reaching upper management positions
  • Intersectionality: The interconnectedness of race, gender, and class in shaping oppression
  • Visible Minority: A legal term in Canada identifying non-white, non-Indigenous people
  • Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on individual interactions shaping society.
  • Structural Functionalism: Views society as interdependent with institutions working together.
  • Conflict Theory: Examines social conflicts between different classes.
  • False Consciousness: A distorted view that prevents the working class from seeing their oppression.
  • Stigma: A negative social label that changes identity.
  • Role Conflict/Social Norms: Situations where competing roles collide and how rules govern behavior.

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