Race and Ethnicity II & Gender Studies

The biological traits that distinguish males and females, such as chromosomes, hormones, and sex organs.

The socially constructed roles, behaviors, expectations, and identities associated with masculinity and femininity.

A spectrum that recognizes that sexual orientation is not a fixed binary, acknowledging the diversity of experiences and preferences.

The belief that a person's inherent essence or nature determines their gender identity, behavior, and roles.

Arguments that challenge essentialist views by highlighting the social and cultural influences on gender.

A feminist perspective focusing on the economic exploitation of women by capitalism.

A feminist perspective emphasizing the patriarchal system's oppression of women, advocating for a complete societal restructuring.

A feminist perspective recognizing that gender is shaped by the intersection of multiple social categories, such as race, class, and sexual orientation.

The belief that physical appearance is crucial for gaining social acceptance and power, particularly among adolescent girls.

The fatality rate for breast augmentation surgery was significantly higher than for open-heart surgeries.

A group of adolescent girls who are highly aware of and actively engage with prevailing beauty standards, often striving for the ideal.

A group of adolescent girls who aspire to be part of the elite group and actively attempt to conform to beauty standards.

A group of adolescent girls who navigate beauty standards in a less intense way, acknowledging their importance but not overly prioritizing them.

A group of adolescent girls who often reject dominant beauty standards or choose not to conform to them.

A system of meaning that helps individuals understand the world, often incorporating supernatural beliefs.

Religion is a coping mechanism that people create to find meaning in a meaningless world.

Marx saw religion as a tool for oppression, used by those in power to control the working class.

Durkheim argued that religion creates a shared sense of belonging and morality within society.

Weber believed that religion shaped economic and social systems, influencing cultural values and behaviors.

The belief that religion discourages critical thinking and promotes blind adherence to traditions.

The belief that science and rationality are more effective at dealing with life's challenges than traditional religion.

Bibby's research found that Alberta, contrary to popular belief, is not the most religious province in Canada, with a high proportion of people reporting no religious affiliation.

The study of how religion shapes society, including aspects like social cohesion, crisis support, and political legitimacy.

A concept introduced by Max Weber, it suggests that certain religious values, particularly from Protestantism, were influential in the rise of modern capitalism.

The process of defining and measuring religiosity in a way that allows for empirical study. Bibby argues that we need to consider multiple dimensions to understand it.

The personal level of religiosity involves individual beliefs, practices, and experiences. This can be measured through individual surveys and interviews.

The collective level of religiosity refers to the behavior and functioning of religious groups, how they organize, and their influence on society.

These dimensions include Beliefs, Practice, Experience, and Knowledge. They help us understand various aspects of personal religious commitment.

Bibby's research shows that while personal religiosity is high (many people believe in God, pray, etc.), collective religiosity seems to be declining. Religious groups struggle to maintain membership and influence.

This refers to measuring religiosity through the analysis of religious organizations, their goals, membership, and impact on society.

Social expectations of behavior, how groups expect individuals to act.

Violation of social norms, not necessarily breaking the law.

Breaking of laws.

The model illustrates how crimes are filtered through a system, leading to a decreasing number of cases being processed.

A widespread panic or fear regarding a perceived threat, often fueled by media attention.

A comprehensive framework for understanding crime that categorizes individuals based on their goals and means.

A framework for analyzing crime by dividing individuals into categories based on their goals and means.

The process of justifying deviant behavior by neutralizing moral and social constraints.

This theory argues that individuals engage in deviant behavior when their connections to society (e.g., family, school) are weak, leading them to deviate from norms.

The most effective form of control in Control Theory, internalized self-control, is acquired through social interactions.

This theory argues that people become deviant because they are labeled as such by society. This label can lead to internalization and reinforce deviant behavior.

Individuals accept both societal goals and the prescribed means to achieve them (e.g., working hard).

Individuals accept societal goals but reject or find new ways to achieve them (e.g., engaging in criminal activities).

Individuals abandon society's broader goals but continue to adhere to the accepted means (e.g., going through the motions at work without seeking promotions).

Individuals reject both societal goals and the means, often withdrawing from society (e.g., addiction or vagrancy).