Questions and Answers
What is cultural deviance theory?
What does cultural transmission refer to?
The process through which criminal values are transmitted from one generation to the next.
What is collective efficacy?
Mutual trust and support among residents to supervise children and maintain public order.
What does differential social organization refer to?
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What are subculture standards?
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What is strain theory?
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The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was _____
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What does social control theory state?
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What does differential association theory propose?
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Who is Edwin Sutherland?
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What did Travis Hirschi develop?
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How does cultural deviance theory differ from psychological and biological theories?
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Explain how prevention of delinquency could come from components of cultural deviance, strain, and social control theories.
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What does differential association describe?
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Study Notes
Cultural Deviance Theory
- Proposed by Shaw & McKay, highlighting that delinquency results from poor neighborhood conditions.
- Run-down areas lead to social disorganization, which can result in poverty and confusion.
- Social disorganization fosters cultural conflicts, creating normlessness (noime).
- Delinquency flourishes in cultural conflict and can become a full-time lifestyle.
- This process contributes to cultural transmission, where criminal values are passed down through generations.
Cultural Transmission
- Refers to the process of passing criminal values and behaviors from one generation to the next.
Collective Efficacy
- Defined as mutual trust and support among community members.
- Involves residents’ willingness to intervene for the common good, such as supervising children and maintaining public order.
Differential Social Organization
- Neighborhoods exhibit varying levels of organization influenced by a balance of prosocial and antisocial behaviors.
Subculture Standards
- Norms and expectations that arise within subcultures, influencing behavior and perspectives.
Strain Theory
- Suggests that certain strains, like stress and adversity, can increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.
- Negative emotions from strain activate conditioning factors (e.g., self-esteem, social support) leading to either delinquency or conformity.
Emile Durkheim
- An early sociologist who proposed that deviance could have functional aspects for society.
Social Control Theory
- Argues that individuals may commit crimes due to weakened bonds to society.
- Emphasizes the importance of good self-esteem and community support for juveniles.
Differential Association Theory
- Claims all criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
- The likelihood of an individual engaging in crime is influenced by their exposure to others who commit crimes.
Edwin Sutherland
- An influential American criminologist known for developing differential association theory and coining the term "white-collar crime."
Travis Hirschi
- Developed control theory, which posits that effective social control relies on individuals anticipating the consequences of their actions.
Differences from Psychological and Biological Theories
- Cultural deviance theory emphasizes social influences on delinquency rather than psychological or biological factors, which focus on individual upbringing and biology.
Prevention of Delinquency
- Cultural deviance theory: Address social disorganization by providing community resources like counseling and youth programs.
- Strain theory: Recognizes that support groups can help mitigate negative emotions that may lead to delinquency.
- Social control theory: Advocates for collective efficacy to foster positive community relationships, providing support that reduces delinquent behavior.
Differential Association
- Proposed by Sutherland, this theory describes the process by which individuals learn to become delinquent through their interactions with both criminal and conventional groups.
- Emphasizes that surrounding influences are crucial to the development of delinquent behavior, rejecting the idea of youth detention centers as effective deterrents.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of cultural deviance, strain, and social control theories as outlined in Chapter 5. These flashcards will help you understand how social disorganization affects delinquency and the cultural conflicts that arise within neighborhoods. Perfect for students of sociology!
