Sociologia: Metodos de Investigation

Sociological Research Methods

• Deduction (quantitative) uses theory to form hypotheses, tested through observation.
• Induction (qualitative) involves observation to generate theories.
• Research designs vary, with quantitative studies focusing on numerical data and larger samples, and qualitative studies delving into individual experiences and smaller samples.
• Mixed methods combine both approaches.
• Data collection methods include surveys, interviews, participant observation, questionnaires, experiments, and ethnography.

Socialization

• Nature vs. nurture debate: historically, two theories exist – a biological approach (emphasizing genetics) and an environmental/socialization approach (stressing the social environment).
• Socialization is a lifelong process, most intensive during early childhood, influenced by factors like gender, ethnicity, social class, and social environment.
• Socialization involves acquiring identity (self-concept), internalizing social expectations (rules, norms, etc.) through social interactions, roles and norms.
• Primary socialization occurs in early years within families, establishing the basis for later social development.
• Secondary socialization takes place after childhood, influencing attitudes, beliefs, and roles through interactions in various social settings.

Media and Resocialization

• Media greatly impacts perceptions of individuals/groups, affecting our interactions and understanding of the world.
• Resocialization involves significant changes in people's behaviour and beliefs brought about by new circumstances.
• Voluntary resocialization occurs by individual choice, for example, joining a religious community.
• Involuntary resocialization occurs against someone's will, as might happen in a prison.

Sex and Gender

• Sex is biologically based, referring to physical characteristics, while gender is socially constructed, referring to roles and expectations associated with the different sexes.
• Gender is often associated with binary opposites: masculinity and femininity, but there are varied and fluid concepts of gender and sex beyond the traditional binary.
• Gender is socially constructed and influenced by factors such as culture, society, and the media.

Social Inequality

• Social inequality refers to unequal distribution of opportunities and resources among different members of society.
• Two main ways to measure social inequality are inequality in opportunities and inequality in conditions (referring to income, wealth, etc.), and are based on various social structures (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, and class).

Social Determinants of Health

• Social determinants of health are factors influenced by societal wealth distribution and impact health inequalities within and between countries.

Crime

• Certain actions and behaviors (i.e., criminal acts) require social control and intervention, as codified in legal frameworks like the criminal code.

Intersectionality

• Social identities are not separate, but interconnected. Social movements, which advocate for various groups, can have different impacts on public health.
• Race, ethnicity, and sexual identity are factors shaping human identities, impacting social interactions and societal structures.

Este quiz explora los metodos de investigation sociologica, incluyendo a deduccion e induccion. Discute como os disenos de investigacion varian entre quantitatve e qualitativo. En plus, aborda le debate de natura contra nutrimento e le processus de socialisation.