Khan p 231-240 Social Stigma and Prestige
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Questions and Answers

What does the halo effect primarily influence in social perception?

  • The overall impression of a person (correct)
  • The reliability of first impressions over time
  • The accuracy of individual character assessments
  • The developmental stages of memory retention

What is a possible consequence of the halo effect on assessing someone's skills?

  • It leads to a neutral assessment of capabilities.
  • It ensures accurate evaluation of each separate skill.
  • It enhances the perception of all skills based on a positive impression. (correct)
  • It diminishes the perception of skills due to bias.

Which statement best describes the reverse halo effect?

  • It diminishes the perception of all skills based on an overall negative impression. (correct)
  • It occurs only when someone is physically attractive.
  • It applies only to professional settings, such as schools.
  • It enhances the perception of a person's skills based on one negative trait.

What role does the primacy effect play in memory retention?

<p>It emphasizes the importance of information presented first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the just world hypothesis influence people’s perception of outcomes?

<p>It fosters the notion that individuals get what they deserve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of memory retention, which factor might enhance recall beyond the primacy and recency effects?

<p>The emotional impact of the information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common assumption that results from the halo effect regarding physical attractiveness?

<p>Attractive people are assumed to be intelligent regardless of evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can an unusual action influence memory retention?

<p>It may enhance the memory of that event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Just World Hypothesis suggest about people's actions?

<p>Good deeds lead to predictable rewards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the rational techniques used when the Just World Hypothesis is threatened?

<p>Preventing or correcting injustice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates a common misconception associated with the Just World Hypothesis?

<p>A hardworking student fails their exam. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Just World Hypothesis, what do irrational techniques include?

<p>Changing one's interpretation of outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to how we explain the behavior of others, involving internal and external causes?

<p>Attribution theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological impact does the Just World Hypothesis have on individuals regarding goal-oriented behavior?

<p>It encourages a belief that effort leads to reward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might happen to individuals when their belief in a just world is consistently challenged?

<p>They often feel hopeless and disengaged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the Just World Hypothesis contribute to victim-blaming attitudes?

<p>By leading individuals to believe victims deserve their fate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

<p>Group decisions that are more extreme than individual preferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is the most powerful predictor of friendships and relationships?

<p>Geographical proximity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mere exposure effect indicate?

<p>Repeated exposure increases our liking for novel people or objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of experiencing 'burn out' from repeated exposure?

<p>Decreased affinity leading to dislike. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study focusing on attraction, what was observed with men rating women's attractiveness?

<p>Men rated women they saw more frequently as more attractive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anterograde amnesia from retrograde amnesia?

<p>Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to form new memories after the incident. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of social identity is closely linked to which of the following?

<p>Interpersonal proximity and group memberships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does proximity affect relationship formation?

<p>It facilitates initial encounters, making relationships possible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do advertisers rely on to create positive opinions about their products?

<p>Mere exposure effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is linked to physical attraction universally?

<p>Skin clarity/smoothness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more important in determining physical attraction according to the content?

<p>Facial attraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which male physical trait is commonly found attractive?

<p>Muscular chest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is considered attractive regarding facial traits?

<p>Strong facial features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does physiological arousal have on perceptions of attraction?

<p>Increases attraction rating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has research indicated about facial averageness in relation to attractiveness?

<p>Facial averageness is considered attractive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is attractive for women according to physical attraction standards?

<p>High waist-hip ratio (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of media in the context of stigma?

<p>It is a major contributor to stigma by portraying conditions negatively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can society influence an individual's experience with stigma?

<p>By perpetuating stigmatizing views that affect employment and healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible effect of family stigma on the individual?

<p>Isolation of the individual from family and society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions is suggested to combat family stigma?

<p>Education and therapy for family members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of an individual internalizing stigma from their interactions with media, society, and family?

<p>Increased denial of conditions and avoidance behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the primacy bias in social perception?

<p>People tend to emphasize first impressions over later information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes recency bias?

<p>Recent performance overrides previous behaviors in evaluation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a useful intervention to help combat societal stigma?

<p>Increasing media representation of stigmatized individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sympathetic arousal during an attraction assessment indicate?

<p>Higher ratings of the individual being assessed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does similarity influence attraction according to the content?

<p>It is a huge predictor of attraction to potential partners. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding when participants viewed images of others with similar facial features?

<p>They showed higher levels of cooperation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'perceived similarity' in relationships?

<p>The belief that one's partner shares similarities, whether they do or not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue does similarity bias create in social interactions?

<p>Avoidance of individuals who are dissimilar. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does sharing similar characteristics have on trust and cooperation, according to the study mentioned?

<p>Increases trust and makes cooperation more likely. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might couples who perceive higher similarity still experience disconnection?

<p>Their perceived similarity may not reflect reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might one's experiences of sympathetic arousal influence the assessment of physical attraction?

<p>They will rate individuals higher in an aroused state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primacy Bias

The tendency for initial impressions to have a lasting impact, often outweighing subsequent information.

Recency Bias

The tendency to give more weight to recent actions or performances compared to past ones.

Media's Role in Stigma

The influence of the media in shaping negative perceptions about a group or condition. Media often portrays stigmatized individuals or conditions as dangerous, violent, or morally flawed.

Societal Stigma

The impact of societal attitudes and beliefs on individuals with stigmatized conditions, affecting their access to education, employment, healthcare, and social inclusion. This can lead to discrimination and exclusion.

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Family Stigma

The negative impact of stigma within a family, where family members may be shunned by society or choose to isolate and keep the stigmatized individual secret within the family.

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Self-Stigma

The internalization of negative messages and beliefs about oneself based on societal, familial, and media influences, leading to self-avoidance, denial of the condition, and mental health issues.

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Legislation and Anti-Discrimination Laws

A strategy to combat societal stigma involving the creation and enforcement of laws that protect individuals from discrimination based on their condition or status.

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Education and Support Resources

Interventions designed to address stigma by providing education, access to support groups, and resources to individuals affected by stigmatized conditions. This helps individuals resist negative stereotypes and build resilience.

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Primacy and Recency Bias

The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

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Variable Duration

The tendency to remember unusual events better than ordinary ones.

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Halo Effect

The tendency to judge someone's overall character based on a first impression, even if it doesn't accurately reflect all their qualities.

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Physical Attractiveness Stereotype

The tendency to perceive physically attractive people as having more positive personality traits.

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Overall Impression Bias

The tendency to focus on a person's overall impression and let that influence our perception of their individual attributes.

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Devil Effect (Reverse Halo Effect)

The opposite of the halo effect, where a negative first impression leads to a negative perception of all their qualities.

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Just World Hypothesis

The belief that people get what they deserve, often used to justify unfair outcomes.

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Perceptual Bias

A bias that causes us to overestimate or underestimate someone's abilities based on our initial impression.

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Attribution Theory

An explanation of how we understand a situation as a result of internal factors or external factors.

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Rational Techniques

Coping mechanism used when the 'Just World Hypothesis' is challenged. Accepting reality and taking action to prevent or correct injustice (e.g., charity, legal reform).

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Irrational Techniques

Coping mechanisms used when the 'Just World Hypothesis' is challenged. Refusing to accept reality and using denial, reinterpretation, or blaming the victim.

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Reinterpreting the Cause

Changing our understanding of the cause of an event. Making excuses or blaming external factors over individual responsibility.

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Reinterpreting the Outcome

Changing our understanding of how bad an outcome was. Minimizing the severity of the consequence, often to maintain the belief in a Just World.

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Reinterpreting the Character of the Victim

Altering our perception of the victim's character to make sense of their misfortune. Assuming the victim was flawed or deserved what happened to them.

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Threatening the Just World Hypothesis

The tendency to use irrational techniques to maintain belief in a Just World when faced with evidence that contradicts it.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any individual member would make on their own, often leading to amplified viewpoints.

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Mere Exposure Effect

The more often we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it. This applies to things like music, objects, and even people.

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Proximity in Relationships

The closer we are to someone geographically, the more likely we are to become friends or develop a relationship with them. This is a powerful predictor of social connections.

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Anterograde Amnesia

A condition where an individual's memory for events prior to an accident is impaired, but they are still able to form new memories.

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Retrograde Amnesia

A type of amnesia where an individual cannot recall events that occurred before a specific event, such as an accident or brain injury.

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Universally attractive features

Features that are considered attractive across different cultures. Examples include youthfulness, clear skin, and symmetry.

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Sexual dimorphism

The degree of difference between male and female physical characteristics. High sexual dimorphism is often seen as attractive.

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Facial attraction in women

Facial features considered attractive in women, including a high forehead, small chin and nose, full lips, and high cheekbones.

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Facial attraction in men

Facial features considered attractive in men, including a strong chin, jaw, and cheekbones, and a long lower face.

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Averageness in attractiveness

Attractiveness often stems from average facial features. Faces that are a blend of many different faces are generally more appealing than those with unique features.

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Arousal and attraction

The effect of heightened physiological arousal on attraction. When we are experiencing heightened arousal, we often find others more attractive.

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Background colour and attraction

The influence of background colour on attractiveness. Red has been shown to be more attractive than white.

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Sympathetic Arousal

A heightened physiological state, often accompanied by a faster heartbeat, that is experienced when exposed to certain stimuli, like being attracted to someone or being at a high altitude.

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Similarity Attraction

The tendency to be attracted to people who share similar characteristics, beliefs, interests, and values.

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Facial Similarity Effect

The belief that individuals are more likely to trust and cooperate with those who share similar physical features, as demonstrated in experiments where people were shown pictures of others with morphed versions of their own faces.

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Perceived Similarity

The tendency for couples to become more similar in terms of their attitudes, beliefs, and interests over time, often contributing to relationship stability.

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Projection Bias

A phenomenon where individuals assume that others share their own beliefs and opinions, even when this is not necessarily true.

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Similarity Bias

A cognitive bias that leads people to favor those who are similar to them in various aspects, potentially limiting their interactions with individuals who are different.

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Amusement Park Date

A date that involves exciting activities and experiences that can trigger a physiological response, potentially increasing attraction.

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Similarity in Relationships

It can be a strong predictor of attraction and relationship longevity, as couples often develop shared values and interests over time.

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Study Notes

Prestige

  • Prestige is often based on occupation (e.g., doctor, lawyer).
  • Minority group members often have lower-paying jobs (e.g., janitor).

Stigma - Social and Self

  • Stigma is extreme disapproval of a person based on a behavior or quality.
  • Cultures (or subcultures) stigmatize for overt physical deformations (e.g., disability), deviant personal traits (e.g., drug addiction), or deviations from ethnic norms (e.g., "loose" woman in a traditional Latino subculture).
  • Social stigma comes in two forms: social stigma and self-stigma.

1. Social Stigma

  • Social stigma involves stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination directed at an individual by society.
  • Stigma derives from symbolic interactionist perspectives, highlighting social disapproval associated with a behavior, identity, or attribute considered deviant by others, and devalued.
  • Societal stigma against mental illness is a significant issue with commonly held stereotypes regarding violence. (e.g., an individual with a mental illness being violent, fear of mental illness = prejudice, avoidance of those who are mentally ill to prevent discrimination = behavior)
  • Social-stigma can differ based on the sociopolitical context, illustrated by stigma against sexual orientation.

2. Self-Stigma

  • Self-stigma occurs when individuals internalize negative stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences.
  • This can lead to feelings of rejection from society, avoidance of interactions with society, and a related decline in self-esteem with accompanying mental health issues (e.g., depression).
  • Individuals with HIV/AIDS may experience self-stigma as an example.

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Social Stigma and Self-Stigma Analysis PDF

Description

This quiz explores the concepts of social stigma and prestige as they relate to various occupations and cultural perceptions. It discusses how societal norms influence the standing of individuals based on their jobs and the stigma surrounding different behaviors and identities. Understand the implications of stigmatization in contemporary society.

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