53 Questions
What is the term for the tendency to remember information encountered first, influencing overall perception?
Primacy effect
Which strategy is used to be seen as competent in impression management?
Self promotion
What is the term for the tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people’s beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own?
False consensus effect
Which factor limits the accuracy of first impressions by attempting to put their best face forward and shape how we view them?
Impression management
Which term refers to applying the schema of someone you already know to understand someone new?
Transference
What is the term for the tendency to be eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that disproves them?
Confirmation bias
What metal shortcut is used to get an impression of someone?
Transference
What strategy is used in impression management to be seen as likeable?
Ingratiation
Which theorist focused on the need for security rather than a sense of inferiority?
Karen Horney
According to Maslow, which of the following is a characteristic of self-actualized people?
Accepting of themselves, others, and the nature of the world for what they are
Who developed the concept of 'conditions of worth' in relation to personality development?
Carl Rogers
Which model argued for three trait dimensions including extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/emotional stability?
Hans Eysenck's Three-Factor Theory
'OCEAN' is associated with which modern personality research theory?
'Big Five' Theory
'Openness', 'Conscientiousness', and 'Neuroticism' are part of which model of personality traits?
'Big Five' Theory
What percentage of the general population is estimated to have a personality disorder?
10-15%
How many comorbid personality disorders does an individual with a personality disorder typically have?
5-6 comorbid PDs
Which gender generally has a higher prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Men
According to DSM, how many general criteria are there for personality disorders?
4
What is the term for changing behavior in response to commands from perceived authoritative figures?
Obedience
Which social influence involves pressure to conform based on the desire to behave correctly or gain understanding?
Informational social influence
What refers to the phenomenon where people are less likely to help a victim when others are present?
Bystander effect
What encompasses actions intended to benefit others, including altruism and reciprocal altruism?
Prosocial behavior
What theory explores the emotional bonds infants develop with caretakers as a survival strategy, leading to various attachment styles?
Attachment theory
What is defined as a stable way of thinking, feeling, and acting?
Personality
Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others, tendency to see self as blameless, and recurrent suspicions about fidelity of partner/spouse?
Paranoid PD
Which personality disorder is associated with extreme social avoidance, introversion, loneliness, and feeling socially inadequate?
Avoidant PD
Which personality disorder involves instability of emotions, relationships, identity, impulsive behavior, and recurrent suicidal behaviors or self-mutilating behaviors?
Borderline PD
Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, preoccupation with unlimited success, lack of empathy, and sense of entitlement?
Narcissistic PD
Which cluster of personality disorders includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal disorders?
Cluster A
What does attribution theory explain?
How people perceive and attribute the causes of events and behaviors
Which cognitive biases affect how individuals attribute the causes of behavior?
Self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error
What do individualistic and collectivistic societies differ in when attributing behavior?
Their focus on internal and situational factors
What can stereotypes, learned from culture and environment, lead to?
Overgeneralizations and bias
What are prejudice and discrimination?
Negative attitudes and behaviors towards specific groups
What do the out-group derogation effect and the out-group homogeneity effect relate to?
Negative evaluations and perceptions of out-groups
How can racism manifest?
Through hate crimes, indirect discrimination, and biased social policies
What did the Robber's Cave Study demonstrate?
The impact of competition and cooperation on intergroup relations
What does the contact hypothesis suggest?
Negative stereotypes can be reduced by spending time with members of the stereotyped group.
What does social identity theory explain?
In-group favoritism and out-group derogation as a way for individuals to maintain positive attitudes towards their own group.
Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle, finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality?
Ego
What is the primary motivation for all of our actions and feelings, as per the text?
Biological instinctual drives
Which personality development stage designates the beginning of a new stage based on a change in erogenous zones?
Phallic stage
What personality style is associated with traits of orderliness, neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness, as per the text?
Anal-retentive personality
In the Oedipus conflict, what does the little boy fear will happen if his father finds out about his sexual attraction to his mother?
Castration
Who proposed the concept of collective unconscious and archetypes as universal human experiences?
Carl Jung
Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle, finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality?
Ego
What is the primary motivation for all of our actions and feelings, as per the text?
Life instincts for survival, reproduction, and pleasure
At what level of awareness are repressed unacceptable thoughts, memories, and feelings stored, according to Freud's theory?
Unconscious mind
What is the term for actions that benefit others may get repaid in the long run?
Reciprocal altruism
'Defense mechanisms' mentioned in the text are processes that distort reality and protect us from anxiety. Which of the following is an example of a defense mechanism?
Projection
According to Freud's theory, which part of our personality is entirely unconscious and includes biological instinctual drives?
Id
What does the superego represent according to Freud's theory?
Morality principle and idealized standards of behavior in culture
Which part of our mind contains unresolved conflicts from early childhood experiences according to Freud's theory?
Unconscious mind
Study Notes
Social Psychology Concepts and Theories
- Attribution theory explains how people perceive and attribute the causes of events and behaviors, distinguishing between dispositional/internal and situational/external factors.
- Self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error are common cognitive biases, affecting how individuals attribute the causes of behavior.
- Individualistic and collectivistic societies differ in their focus on internal and situational factors when attributing behavior.
- Stereotypes, learned and perpetuated from culture and environment, can lead to overgeneralizations and bias.
- Prejudice and discrimination are negative attitudes and behaviors towards specific groups, often stemming from social categorization and in-group favoritism.
- The out-group derogation effect and the out-group homogeneity effect are phenomena related to negative evaluations and perceptions of out-groups.
- Racism, including overt and symbolic forms, can manifest through hate crimes, indirect discrimination, and biased social policies.
- The Robber's Cave Study demonstrated the impact of competition and cooperation on intergroup relations.
- The contact hypothesis suggests that negative stereotypes can be reduced by spending time with and getting to know members of the stereotyped group.
- Social identity theory explains in-group favoritism and out-group derogation as a way for individuals to maintain positive attitudes towards their own group.
- Explicit and implicit attitudes, elaboration likelihood model, and cognitive dissonance theory are psychological concepts that influence persuasion, decision-making, and behavior change.
- Social influence involves the impact of perceived observation by others on individual behavior.
Test your knowledge of social psychology concepts and theories with this quiz covering attribution theory, cognitive biases, societal influences on behavior attribution, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, intergroup relations, and psychological concepts related to persuasion and behavior change.
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