Social Psychology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What term describes contrasting evaluations about a single attitude object?

Impression management

Value expression

Dual attitudes (correct)

Cognitive dissonance

Which attitude function primarily helps to maintain social ties?

Value expression function

Instrumental function

Social function (correct)

Ego defense

What is instrumental function in the context of attitudes?

Express personal values

Help realize important aspirations (correct)

Order the world around us

Maintain self-esteem

Which process involves learning from past consequences, where behaviors are influenced by rewards and punishments?

Operant conditioning (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of classical conditioning in attitude formation?

It creates automatic reactions through pairing stimuli. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes social psychology as a field of study?

The examination of how individuals think, influence, and relate to one another (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an automatic and unconscious social intuition?

Implicit bias (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor typically contributes to social loafing?

Working as part of a larger group without clearly defined roles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the gold standard in research methodologies?

True experiments (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is characterized by the observation of participants in their natural environments?

Naturalistic observation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes reliability in research?

Consistency of measurement over time (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of correlational analysis in social psychology research?

To measure the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of experimental design involves comparing different groups, such as athletes and non-athletes?

Quasi-experimental design (C) Signup and view all the answers

What encompasses the term 'self-concept'?

A summary of personal attributes and relationships (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does social identity theory define personal identity?

Based on individual traits and behaviors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in designing research in social psychology?

Deciding on the purpose of the research (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an independent self from an interdependent self?

Emphasizes personal qualities over social obligations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'social facilitation'?

Enhanced performance when others are present (A) Signup and view all the answers

Self-expansion refers to which of the following ideas?

Incorporating close relationships to enhance self-concept (C) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological impact is associated with self-discrepancy between actual and ideal self?

Embarrassment and disappointment (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which practice allows individuals to adjust their self-image based on the situation?

Self-presentation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does self-enhancement primarily involve?

Statements about one's accomplishments (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines self-efficacy?

Confidence in one's ability to achieve a specific task (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Overestimating the influence of personality traits (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does collective self-esteem evaluate?

The overall worth of social groups to which one belongs (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do self-serving attributions commonly distort our perspectives?

By assuming our views are widely shared by others (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of micro-expression?

Brief involuntary facial expressions revealing emotion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the halo effect involve?

Making judgments based solely on positive traits (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bias involves remembering circumstances when explaining our own behavior?

Actor-observer attribution bias (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social psychology is the study of how people think, influence, and relate to one another.
Social intuitions are conscious and deliberate, as well as unconscious and automatic.
Social influences shape behavior through locality, educational level, subscribed media, culture, and ethnicity.
Personal attitudes and dispositions are internal forces (inner attitudes) influencing individual reactions in particular situations.

Social facilitation is the increase in performance/effort when others are present.
Social loafing is the decrease in effort/performance when working in a group.
Social psychology research is steadily developing, using applied science, to study invisible scientific constructs.
Research design involves deciding on the purpose (basic or applied), observing patterns, generating hypotheses, testing, interpreting results, and refining hypotheses if needed.

Correlation

Descriptive designs define, explain, and clarify patterns without intervention.
Archival data is stored information from other purposes.
Naturalistic observation is observation in natural settings.
Descriptive surveys include self-report scales like asking questions graded on a scale.
Correlational analysis involves analyzing two pieces of information (e.g., study hours and grade).
Experiments involve pre-experimental designs (single group), quasi-experiments (comparing different groups), and true experiments (comparing equivalent random groups).

Self Concept & Processes

Self-awareness is understanding oneself as a separate entity.
Self-recognition encompasses self-awareness.
Self-concept is a personal summary of qualities, relationships, memberships, and beliefs.
Self-schemas are mental organizers for self-relevant information
Social identity theory examines how personal identity interacts with group memberships and cultural expectations.
Culture significantly influences personal and social identity.
Independent self-perceptions focus on personal qualities, competition, and success, whereas interdependent self-perceptions emphasise social qualities and group memberships.
Self-perception implies inferring our motives and values from behavior
Self-discrepancies involve differences between actual self and ideal/ought selves which result in various emotional reactions such as shame, guilt, and embarassment.

Self-expansion: describes the idea that close relationships expand one's self-concept.
Self-presentation highlights our attempts to convey an image of ourselves in various situations.
Impression management involves strategically modifying attitudes/behaviours to influence others' perceptions.
Collective self-esteem evaluates the perceived worth of social groups.
Optimal margin theory views individuals as flexible with diverse skills applicable to many areas.
Cognitive biases include self-serving biases that enhance self-concept.
Self-esteem is a personal evaluation of one's self-concept, and is separate from narcissism, self-efficacy, and self-compassion.
Person perceptions involve forming judgments based on initial impressions and observed behaviors.
Micro-expressions are involuntary flashes of emotional honesty.

Attribution Theory & Attitudes

Halo effect occurs when an entire perception is constructed around a single trait.
Self-fulfilling prophecies are expectations that shape behaviour and influence others' reactions, fulfilling their initial prediction
Attribution theory explains how people explain others' behaviour.
Attributions are inferences drawn to explain behaviour, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) factors.
Fundamental attribution error is overestimation of individual personality traits and underestimation of situational factors when explaining others' behaviour.
Actor-observer bias involves attributing more importance to personality factors in explaining others' behaviour while considering situational factors for self-behaviour.
Self-serving attributions include biased perceptions of both oneself and others
Attitudes represent inner evaluations of people or objects.
Dual attitudes include contrasting evaluations about the same object.

Attitude & Change

Attitude functions include instrumental (helping achieve goals), value-expressive (expressing values), social adjustive (maintaining social ties), and ego-defensive (protecting self-esteem).
Attitudes may originate from nature and nurture.
Classical conditioning involves automatic reactions to stimuli after pairing.
Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of behaviour.
Impression management is modifying behaviours to influence others' perceptions.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of social psychology, focusing on how individuals think, influence one another, and relate in various contexts. Discover key concepts such as social facilitation, social loafing, and the research methods that underpin this field. This quiz provides insights into the intricate relationships between personal attitudes, societal influences, and individual behaviors.