Social Psychology Overview and Experiment
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Questions and Answers

What is the core idea of social psychology?

  • How individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social factors (correct)
  • The study of group behavior only
  • The impact of cultural differences on behavior
  • A focus on economic influences on mental health
  • Which limitation was noted regarding the study of volunteers in a windowless room?

  • The use of various types of food
  • The psychological impacts were well-measured
  • There were too many control groups used
  • There was a lack of cultural representation among participants (correct)
  • What psychological effect was observed among most volunteers who experienced social isolation?

  • Increased creativity
  • Enhanced social skills
  • Uncomfortable feelings and psychological stress (correct)
  • Improved cognitive functioning
  • What consequence of social isolation is NOT mentioned?

    <p>Improved cardiovascular health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical consideration ensures that participants can leave a study at any point?

    <p>Freedom to withdraw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'small world phenomenon' relate to social connections?

    <p>It proposes any individual can be connected through at most 5 others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT included as a reason for why a person may act differently in varying situations?

    <p>Personal beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant outcome regarding an individual's ability to cope with isolation during the study?

    <p>One person managed to stay for an extended time without adverse effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dispositional factor is least likely to influence a person's reaction to life satisfaction during COVID?

    <p>Physical location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the strengths of the Brindal 2021 COVID Study?

    <p>It included a broad range of dispositional factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors was reported to contribute to more life satisfaction during the COVID period?

    <p>Working from home (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the self-reported data used in the Brindal 2021 COVID Study?

    <p>Participants may not remember their feelings accurately. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element describes the focus of community psychology?

    <p>Considering environmental factors and political systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the COVID period, which group was likely to report less life satisfaction?

    <p>Individuals with high levels of agreeableness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about extraversion and life satisfaction during COVID is true?

    <p>Extraverted individuals were more affected negatively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of an open-minded person in the context of life satisfaction during COVID?

    <p>They easily adapt to new situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Social Psychology Definition

    The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence (actual, imagined, or implied) of other people.

    Social Isolation Impacts

    Prolonged lack of human contact can lead to negative health outcomes: high blood pressure, mental illness, physical inactivity, and increased risk of premature death.

    Small World Phenomenon

    The idea that any two people on Earth are likely connected by a short chain of acquaintances.

    Ethical Considerations (Research)

    Key ethical considerations in social psychology research include participant's right to withdrawal, informed consent, proper debriefing, and ensuring no coercion.

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    Social Psychology's Focus

    Social psychology examines how people's behavior and thoughts are shaped by others.

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    Hawthorne Study (Limitation)

    The Hawthorne study had limitations, like a small, non-diverse sample and no control groups.

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    6 Degrees of Separation

    A social phenomenon suggesting any two people are connected through a chain of six or fewer acquaintances.

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    Factors Influencing Behavior

    Behavior is influenced by people, objects, information, social systems, and the environment.

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    Dispositional Factors

    Individual characteristics (personality, demographics, beliefs, etc.) that influence how people react to events.

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    COVID Study (Dispositional Factors)

    A study exploring how individual factors affected life satisfaction before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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    Life Satisfaction

    How happy or content someone feels with their life in general.

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    Community Psychology

    Focuses on environmental/social factors in shaping people's behaviors. It also considers societal systems, media, and the environment..

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    Collectivism

    Emphasis on the needs and goals of the group or society over individual needs.

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    Individualistic Perspective

    Focuses on the individual as the cause of their own behavior and actions.

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    Study Limitations (COVID)

    Potential problems with the COVID study, such as self-reported data and time-related error, which could affect the accuracy of participants' responses.

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    Strengths of the COVID Study

    Positive aspects of the COVID study, such as having numerous participants.

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    Study Notes

    Social Psychology Definition

    • A scientific approach to understanding how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence (actual, imagined, or implied) of others.
    • Gordon Allport (1954) defined it as the study of how individuals are influenced by others, focusing on individuals within a society.
    • Social psychology looks at how attitudes towards the world are shaped by interactions with people and media.

    Schachter 1959 Social Isolation Experiment

    • A study involving 5 volunteers in a windowless room with only food, water, and entertainment.
    • 80% of participants reported feeling uncomfortable without human contact, indicating strong psychological impact.
    • Most participants couldn't endure isolation for long periods, showing the necessity of human contact.
    • Individuals responded differently to isolation, with some lasting 8 days without adverse effects.
    • Limitations included a small sample size, lack of cultural representation, and the artificial nature of the windowless room.

    Ethics in Social Isolation Studies

    • Participants should have the freedom to withdraw from the study.
    • Informed consent is essential, ensuring participants understand the study's purpose and procedures.
    • Participants should receive debriefing and resources after the study.
    • Recruitment should be ethical, accounting for the benefits to participants.
    • Avoiding payment or coercion is critical for ethical research.

    Impacts of Social Isolation (Hawthorn 2006, Holt-Lunstad 2015, Shanker 2015)

    • Social isolation's impacts on physical and mental health include high blood pressure, mental illness, physical inactivity, dementia, emotional distress, poorer immune functioning, smoking, poor sleep quality, decreased well-being, and premature death.

    Small World Phenomenon (Milgram 1967, 6 Degrees of Kevin Bacon)

    • Any individual can be connected to any other individual through a chain of at most five other people.

    Environmental Factors

    • Factors that explain how the same person may act differently in different situations, including other people, objects, information, social systems, and events.

    Dispositional Factors

    • Factors influencing how different people react to the same situation include personality, demographics (age, gender), mood, culture, and prior beliefs.

    Brindal 2021 COVID Study

    • A study investigating how dispositional factors impacted life satisfaction during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Factors associated with higher life satisfaction included working from home, having more children at home, spending time on hobbies, and concern about contracting COVID-19.
    • Factors associated with lower life satisfaction included unhealthy eating habits, increased screentime, being extraverted or agreeable, and concern about society's impact.

    COVID-19 Study Limitations

    • Self-reported, subjective accounts taken after the event.
    • Participants might have answered questions in a way reflecting their perceived expectations.
    • Participants may have answered questions based on the past 6 months, making accuracy and current feelings questionable.

    Community Psychology & Collectivism

    • Considers how environmental and political factors influence personal behavior.
    • Examines social interactions and how societies and communities shape a person's life.
    • It aims for second-order change by improving societal factors, contrasting with individualistic approaches.
    • Community psychology advocates for a collectivistic perspective, emphasizing the interconnectedness of individual lives with surroundings.
    • Focus is on societal problems and second-order change. Media, social interactions, and environment influence a person's life, all contributing factors that are included in the observations.

    Kelly 2019 Social Enterprise in Scotland

    • A study focusing on social isolation in Scotland using community activity to understand and reduce isolation.
    • Recognizes the significance and extent of social connection.
    • Analyzes how social isolation impacts individuals and emphasizes the reciprocal influence between a person's characteristics and social environment.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating field of social psychology, examining how human thoughts and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. Delve into the Schachter 1959 social isolation experiment that reveals the psychological impact of human contact and the varied responses to isolation among participants.

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