Questions and Answers
Which of the following occurs when the presence of others improves our performance?
Which of the following is an example of social loafing?
Society imposes rules about acceptable behavior that are known as social ________________.
norms
When does conformity occur?
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_________________ attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes.
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People make _________________ attributions when they think that something outside the person, such as the environment or circumstances, is the cause of his or her behavior.
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Making situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes is known as a(n) ________________.
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Which of the following reflects the fundamental attribution error?
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What event led Stanley Milgram to study obedience?
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Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. This phenomenon is called ________________.
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Study Notes
Social Facilitation and Loafing
- Social facilitation refers to improved performance in the presence of others.
- Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to relax standards and exert less effort when part of a group.
Obedience
- Obedience involves yielding to the demands of another, exemplified by Milgram's shock experiment.
Attribution Theory
- Attribution involves drawing conclusions about the causes of others' behavior.
- Situational attribution attributes behavior to environmental factors (e.g., failing a test due to it being too difficult).
- Dispositional attribution attributes behavior to individual characteristics (e.g., failing a test due to laziness).
- Self-serving bias leads individuals to credit their successes to personal factors while blaming failures on the situation.
- Fundamental attribution error occurs when people overly emphasize personal characteristics in others' behavior while ignoring situational factors.
Schemas and Social Norms
- Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.
- Social norms are cultural rules dictating acceptable behavior within a society.
Conformity
- Conformity is the adjustment of behaviors to align with group norms or actions.
- Informational social influence occurs when individuals conform because they see others as a reliable source of information.
- Normative social influence is driven by the desire for acceptance, leading individuals to conform even against their personal beliefs.
Stereotypes and Prejudice
- Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about how members of certain groups are likely to behave.
- Prejudice involves biased attitudes towards a group based on unfair generalizations.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort felt when new information conflicts with an individual’s self-concept.
Altruism and Bystander Effect
- Altruism recognizes selfless behaviors directed towards others.
- The bystander effect indicates that the likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
Bias and Discrimination
- Bandura's Social Learning Theory posits that individuals learn through observation and modeling.
- Discrimination involves preferential treatment based on prejudicial attitudes.
- Implicit bias refers to unconscious influences on behavior and decisions, while explicit bias encompasses consciously held beliefs.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
- The IAT measures implicit attitudes by analyzing reaction times to evaluate associations between objects and evaluative words.
Group Dynamics and Decision-Making
- Groupthink emerges when group cohesion leads to faulty decision-making as members prioritize consensus over realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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Description
Explore the concepts of social facilitation, social loafing, and obedience in this engaging quiz. Delve into attribution theory, where you'll learn about situational and dispositional attributions, as well as biases such as the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. Test your understanding of how others' behaviors can be interpreted and influenced.
